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      <p class="MsoNormal"><span
          style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
          "Comic Sans MS";color:red">Yanlış karar:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"><span
          style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
          "Comic Sans MS";color:#00B0F0">“not: mete soner in
          ayrılış mesajından sonra
          artık şımarıklık yapmayacak ve turkmat e yazı göndermeyeceğim.
          rahat
          olabilirsiniz...- Yılmaz Akyıldız</span>”<o:p></o:p></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"><span
          style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
          "Comic Sans MS";color:black">Zaman zaman böyle fevri
          istekler geliyor. Kim kime
          ne hakla <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>sitem ediyor?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal"><span
          style="font-size:14.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
          "Comic Sans MS";color:black">Tutkmath mail
          listesinden e-mail okumamak için ben
          3 seçenek biliyorum:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
      <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"
        style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
          "Comic Sans MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Comic
          Sans MS";mso-bidi-font-family:
          "Comic Sans MS";color:black"><span
            style="mso-list:Ignore">1.<span style="font:7.0pt
              "Times New Roman"">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Tutkmath
        listesinden çıkış yöntemi var. Herkes listeden kendi başına
        çıkabilir. Sevgili Mustafa Akgül’ü
        rahatsız etmek gerekmez. Hem Mustafa Akgül, gönüllü çalışıyor,
        matematikçilerin
        maaşlı memuru değil.<o:p></o:p></p>
      <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"
        style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
          "Comic Sans MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Comic
          Sans MS";mso-bidi-font-family:
          "Comic Sans MS";color:black"><span
            style="mso-list:Ignore">2.<span style="font:7.0pt
              "Times New Roman"">   </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->Kullandığınız
        mail programına <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>turkmath’den
        mail
        istemediğnizi belirtirsiniz. Ondan sonra turkmath mailleri
        önünüze <span style="mso-spacerun:yes"> </span>gelmez.<o:p></o:p></p>
      <p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"
        style="text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-list:l0 level1 lfo1"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span
style="font-size:14.0pt;mso-bidi-font-size:11.0pt;line-height:115%;font-family:
          "Comic Sans MS";mso-fareast-font-family:"Comic
          Sans MS";mso-bidi-font-family:
          "Comic Sans MS";color:black"><span
            style="mso-list:Ignore">3.<span style="font:7.0pt
              "Times New Roman"">   </span></span></span><!--[endif]-->(Bu
        en kolayı) . Okumak istemediğiniz mailleri açmaz, çöpe
        yollarsınız.<o:p></o:p></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal">Yasakları çok seviyoruz; her şey yasaklansın
        ama özgürlük var
        olsun istiyoruz. Ama öyle olmuyor. <o:p></o:p></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal">Turkmath’de o konuşulmaz, bu konuşulmaz! Bu
        yasağı devlet
        koymuyor. Yasakları kendi kendimize koyuyoruz. Sonra özgürlük
        yok deyip
        şikayete başlıyoruz. <o:p></o:p></p>
      <p class="MsoNormal">Turkmath’de insanı ilgilendiren her şey
        konuşulmalıdır. Buna matematik de dahildir.<o:p></o:p></p>
    </p>
    <br>
    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">1.12.2016 10:09 tarihinde yilmaz
      akyildiz yazdı:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote
cite="mid:CAJg42PvsYtumxdGF84EscB8TnBbQe872Z94xLXiEA4JUsrGhzg@mail.gmail.com"
      type="cite">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">hay allah</div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">gerçekten atlamışım.</div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">işde şimdi kendimden
          gerçekten şüphelenmeye başladım.</div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">neyse hemen aklıma Yavuz
          Nutku nun "bird's eye" prensibi geldi de rahatladım... paçayı
          tekrar kurtardım.</div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">('mazeretim var' kısmını
          okuyunca ne demek istediğimi anlayacaksınız).</div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br>
        </div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">elbette Nazım ve Münevver
          se mevzu bahis</div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">o Mehmet şundan başkası
          olamazdı:</div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><span
style="color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">memet
            ! memet !</span><br>
        </div>
        <span
style="color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">karşı
          yaka memleket,</span><br
style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">
        <span
style="color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">sesleniyorum
          varna’dan</span><br
style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">
        <span
style="color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">işitiyor
          musun ?</span><br
style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">
        <span
style="color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">memet
          ! memet !</span><br
style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">
        <br
style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">
        <span
style="color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">karadeniz
          akıyor durmadan</span><br
style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">
        <span
style="color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">deli
          hasret, deli hasret</span><br
style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">
        <span
style="color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">oğlum,
          sana sesleniyorum,</span><br
style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">
        <span
style="color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">işitiyor
          musun ?</span><br
style="box-sizing:border-box;margin:0px;padding:0px;color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">
        <span
style="color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">memet
          ! memet !
          <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
            ms",sans-serif;font-size:small;display:inline">​"</div>
        </span>
        <div><span
style="color:rgb(35,35,35);font-family:helveticaneuew02-55roma,helvetica,arial,sans-serif;font-size:15px">
            <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic
              sans ms",sans-serif;font-size:small;display:inline">​</div>
          </span></div>
        <div><span style="font-family:"comic sans
            ms",sans-serif">Ama durun bir dakka, MAZERETİM VAR
            arkadaşlar!</span>
          <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
            ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">bütün bu (lüzumsuz)
            yazışmalar Timur Hoca nın bana turkmat üzerinde "yazmak
            zorundasın!" başlıklı ağbice tavsiye mesajına, bilir ki ben
            Nazım ı severim, Nazım ın bir anısını eklemiş olmasıyla
            başladı. Kel alaka, Mehmet CAN araya girip Necip Fazıldan,
            afedersiniz,  b.klu gübreli, bir laf soktu. Üstüne üstlük,
            siz de işin içine Varşova nın "prostitutes" lerini sokunca
            durabilirmi artık bu "kelaynak", ben de "kel alaka" diye
            başlayan "anılaaar anılar..." yazımı renkli türkçe olarak
            döktürdüm. Kısacası  sizin mesajınızı okurken aklım hala
            Zafer Ercan ın "Matematiğimizin İmamı" dediği ve kendisinin
            bunu iltifat olarak kabullendiği Mehmet CAN ın ne demek
            istemiş olabileceği ile meşguldü... hatta "prostitutes"
            kelimesini görünce aklımdan "bu imam da bizden" gülümsemesi
            geçmişti.. </div>
          <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
            ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br>
          </div>
          <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
            ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Bu vesile ile, bir de
            düzeltme yapmalıyım: </div>
          <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
            ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Libya günlerimden (8
            değil) 2 sene sonra Varşovada öğrencilerime Grand Hotel de
            karşılaşmıştım:</div>
          <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
            ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">"<span style="background-color:transparent;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:"comic sans ms";font-size:18.6667px;white-space:pre-wrap">Aradan 2 sene geçmiş, 1982 de o zamanki eşimle Varşovada ICM Toplantısındayız. ..."</span></div>
        </div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:"comic sans ms";font-size:18.6667px;white-space:pre-wrap">
</span></div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:"comic sans ms";font-size:18.6667px;white-space:pre-wrap">Oldu olacakcak, benim yazılarım resimsiz olmaz, bir de Vera ile 2,000 yılında Nazım ın mezarından resimler ekliyorum bu mesaja... </span></div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:"comic sans ms";font-size:18.6667px;white-space:pre-wrap">tarık akan, halil ergün, rutkay aziz, zülfü livaneli ve hatta haluk özberki de var bu resimlerde..</span></div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:"comic sans ms";font-size:18.6667px;white-space:pre-wrap">
</span></div>
        <div class="gmail_default" style="font-family:"comic sans
          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><span style="background-color:transparent;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:"comic sans ms";font-size:18.6667px;white-space:pre-wrap">not: mete soner in ayrılış mesajından sonra artık şımarıklık yapmayacak ve turkmat e yazı göndermeyeceğim. rahat olabilirsiniz...</span></div>
        <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
          <div class="gmail_quote">2016-12-01 8:53 GMT+03:00 Baris
            Kendirli <span dir="ltr"><<a moz-do-not-send="true"
                href="mailto:baris.kendirli@gmail.com" target="_blank">baris.kendirli@gmail.com</a>></span>:<br>
            <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0 0
              .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc solid;padding-left:1ex">
              <div dir="ltr">Sevgili Yılmaz,
                <div>   Münevver Borzecska'nın yanındaki Mehmet'in,
                  Nazım Hikmet'in oğlu Mehmet olduğunun çok iyi
                  bilindiğini varsaymıştım. Bahsettiğin karışıklık
                  aklıma gelmemişti.  </div>
              </div>
              <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
                <div class="gmail_quote">30 Kasım 2016 23:02 tarihinde
                  yilmaz akyildiz <span dir="ltr"><<a
                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                      href="mailto:yilmaz.akyildiz@gmail.com"
                      target="_blank">yilmaz.akyildiz@gmail.com</a>></span>
                  yazdı:
                  <div>
                    <div class="h5"><br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote" style="margin:0 0
                        0 .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc
                        solid;padding-left:1ex">
                        <div dir="ltr">
                          <div style="font-family:comic sans
                            ms,sans-serif;font-size:small">sevgili
                            Barış,</div>
                          <div style="font-family:comic sans
                            ms,sans-serif;font-size:small">Varşova
                            hatıralarını yazdığın mesajında
                            gönderilenler kısmında Timur Hoca ve ben
                            yanında Mehmet Can da yazılı, mesajının
                            içeriğinde de Mehmet ismi (soy isimsiz)
                            geçiyor. O zaman bu Mehmet kim? ben ilk akla
                            gelene oynamışım, nerden bilebilirim...</div>
                          <div style="font-family:comic sans
                            ms,sans-serif;font-size:small">Sarhoşluk
                            kısmına gelince, Grand Hotel de ben bira ile
                            değil Mehmet in bahsettiği kızların
                            güzelliği ile zaten sarhoştum. Yanımdaki
                            eşim bile "ben bu kadarını hiç görmemiştim"
                            demişti... yani sizin "prostitute"
                             dediğiniz o huriler gerçekten bir başka
                            idiler... unutamam!</div>
                          <div>
                            <div class="m_-1797242772356863082h5">
                              <div style="font-family:comic sans
                                ms,sans-serif;font-size:small"><br>
                              </div>
                              <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
                                <div class="gmail_quote">2016-11-30
                                  23:49 GMT+03:00 Baris Kendirli <span
                                    dir="ltr"><<a
                                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                                      href="mailto:baris.kendirli@gmail.com"
                                      target="_blank">baris.kendirli@gmail.com</a>></span>:<br>
                                  <blockquote class="gmail_quote"
                                    style="margin:0 0 0
                                    .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc
                                    solid;padding-left:1ex">
                                    <div dir="ltr">Sevgili Yılmaz,
                                      <div><br>
                                      </div>
                                      <div>    Hüseyin Batuhan "Batıda
                                        tolerans fikrinin gelişmesi"
                                        dersini,</div>
                                      <div>    Macit Gökberk   "felsefe
                                        tarihi ve Kant " dersini,</div>
                                      <div>    Nermi uygur      
                                        "Bergson'un felsefesi" dersini,</div>
                                      <div>    Takiyettin Mengüşoğlu'da
                                        "felsefi antropoloji " dersini 1
                                        yıl boyunca vermişti. Doğrusu
                                        hepsi harikaydı.</div>
                                      <div>     Sadece "kel alaka" dan
                                        değil ayni zamanda Mehmet Can
                                        beyi de Grand Hotel'den
                                        bahsetmiş gibi gösterdiğin için
                                        içkili olduğunu düşündüm, pardon
                                        demek ki sadece biraz
                                        dikkatsizlikmiş yada içkisiz
                                        sarhoşlukmuş.</div>
                                      <div>     Resimleri de en kısa
                                        zamanda gönderirim. </div>
                                      <div>                             
                                                           </div>
                                      <div><br>
                                      </div>
                                    </div>
                                    <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
                                      <div class="gmail_quote">30 Kasım
                                        2016 22:28 tarihinde yilmaz
                                        akyildiz <span dir="ltr"><<a
                                            moz-do-not-send="true"
                                            href="mailto:yilmaz.akyildiz@gmail.com"
                                            target="_blank">yilmaz.akyildiz@gmail.com</a>></span>
                                        yazdı:
                                        <div>
                                          <div
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778h5"><br>
                                            <blockquote
                                              class="gmail_quote"
                                              style="margin:0 0 0
                                              .8ex;border-left:1px #ccc
                                              solid;padding-left:1ex">
                                              <div dir="ltr">
                                                <div><font face="comic
                                                    sans ms, sans-serif">Sevgili
                                                    Barış, </font></div>
                                                <div><font face="comic
                                                    sans ms, sans-serif">şahsım
                                                    hakkında ettiğin iki
                                                    güzel sözünden
                                                    birincisi bana Ali
                                                    Ülger in senin
                                                    hakkında ettiği şu
                                                    sözü anımsatırken
                                                    "harcanmış en zeki
                                                    insanlarımızdan
                                                    birisi de barış
                                                    kendirli dir", diğer
                                                    sözüne anılarımla
                                                    karşılık vereceğim:
                                                    Eşinizle Bay ve
                                                    Bayan Langlands için
                                                    verdiğiniz yemeğe
                                                    bizi de davet
                                                    etmiştiniz, (o
                                                    gecenin resimlerini
                                                    arşivimde bulamadım,
                                                    lütfen bana tekrar
                                                    gönderirmisin).
                                                    Belki dikkat
                                                    etmiştirsin, o gece
                                                    de ben sadece bir
                                                    kadeh kırmızı
                                                    içmiştim. Yani çok
                                                    içemem ben, bir
                                                    kadehle uçarım.
                                                    Fakat inan bugün
                                                    ağzıma tek bir damla
                                                    alkol koymadım.
                                                    Zaten (arada bir,
                                                    bir yudum votka
                                                    hariç) </font><span
style="font-family:"comic sans ms",sans-serif">bizim evde</span><span
style="font-family:"comic sans ms",sans-serif"> </span><span
                                                    style="font-family:"comic
                                                    sans
                                                    ms",sans-serif">alkol</span><span
style="font-family:"comic sans ms",sans-serif"> </span><span
                                                    style="font-family:"comic
                                                    sans
                                                    ms",sans-serif">yasaktır.
                                                    Kısacası ben artık
                                                    içmeden de zaten
                                                    sar-hoş um...</span></div>
                                                <div><span
                                                    style="font-family:"comic
                                                    sans
                                                    ms",sans-serif">y.a. </span></div>
                                                <div><span
                                                    style="font-family:"comic
                                                    sans
                                                    ms",sans-serif"><br>
                                                  </span></div>
                                                <div class="gmail_extra">
                                                  <div
                                                    style="font-family:"comic
                                                    sans
                                                    ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">​not:
                                                    isimlerini
                                                    saydığınız
                                                    felsefecilerden
                                                    sadece Hüseyin
                                                    Batuhan ı ODTÜ de
                                                    dersini alan (cihan
                                                    saçlıoğlu gibi)
                                                    lerden duymuştum.
                                                    bana pek de
                                                    ​enteresan
                                                    gelmemişti, ben de
                                                    gidip Teo Grünberg
                                                    in sembolik mantık
                                                    dersini almıştım.
                                                    Teo Hoca hala
                                                    hayatta! Ali Karatay
                                                    ı ilk önce 1968 de
                                                    Teo hocadan
                                                    duymuştum: "benim
                                                    öyle bir öğrencim
                                                    varki istanbul hukuk
                                                    mezunu.." demişti.
                                                    Tesadüf bu ya Ali,
                                                    Selman, ben Berkeley
                                                    de aynı zamanda
                                                    doktora
                                                    öğrencileriydik.
                                                    Dedikya, artık
                                                    alkole gerek yok,
                                                    ben anılarla
                                                    uçuyorum...</div>
                                                  <div>
                                                    <div
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877h5">
                                                      <div
                                                        style="font-family:"comic
                                                        sans
                                                        ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br>
                                                      </div>
                                                      <br>
                                                      <div
                                                        class="gmail_quote">2016-11-30
                                                        22:50 GMT+03:00
                                                        Baris Kendirli <span
                                                          dir="ltr"><<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:baris.kendirli@gmail.com"
                                                          target="_blank">baris.kendirli@gmail.com</a>></span>:<br>
                                                        <blockquote
                                                          class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid
                                                          rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
                                                          <div dir="ltr"> 
                                                               1960-1964
                                                          yılları
                                                          arasında 4 yıl
                                                          boyunca
                                                          İstanbul
                                                          Üniversitesi
                                                          Edebiyat
                                                          Fakültesi
                                                          Felsefe
                                                          Bölümündeki
                                                          derslere
                                                          dinleyici
                                                          olarak
                                                          katıldım.
                                                          Macit Gökberk,
                                                          Takiyettin
                                                          Mengüşoğlu,
                                                          Nermi Uygur,
                                                          Hüseyin
                                                          Batuhan v.s.
                                                          gibi ünlü
                                                          felsefecilerin
                                                          anlattıkları  
                                                          gerçekten çok
                                                          harikaydı. Bu
                                                          Turkmath
                                                          listesinde
                                                          neden
                                                          yayınlandığını
                                                          anlayamadığım
                                                          bu metnin
                                                          nekadar yavan
                                                          ve yüzeysel
                                                          olduğunu da
                                                          maalesef ifade
                                                          etmek
                                                          istiyorum.
                                                          <div>     
                                                           Çok zeki
                                                          arkadaşımız
                                                          Yılmaz beyin
                                                          de "kel alaka"
                                                          demesine
                                                          hayret
                                                          ediyorum,
                                                          herhalde bugün
                                                          çok içkiliydi.</div>
                                                          <div>        
                                                                       
                                                                       
                                                                       
                                                                       
                                                                       
                                                                       
                                                                       
                                                                       
                                                               Barış
                                                          Kendirli</div>
                                                          <div>       </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_extra"><br>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_quote">30
                                                          Kasım 2016
                                                          20:17
                                                          tarihinde
                                                          Timur Karacay
                                                          <span
                                                          dir="ltr"><<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:tkaracay@baskent.edu.tr"
                                                          target="_blank">tkaracay@baskent.edu.tr</a>></span>
                                                          yazdı:
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-h5"><br>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid
                                                          rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
                                                          <div
                                                          bgcolor="#FFFFFF">
                                                          <p>Sevgili
                                                          Yılmaz,</p>
                                                          <p>Bazıları
                                                          düşünmek ve
                                                          akıl yürütmek
                                                          yerine
                                                          "münazara"
                                                          etmeyi
                                                          severler. 
                                                          Ortaokulda
                                                          iken
                                                          yaptığımız
                                                          "münazara"
                                                          etkinliği
                                                          şimdilerde
                                                          okullarda
                                                          yasaklandı.
                                                          Biliyorsunuz 
                                                          "münazara" bir
                                                          fikri akıl
                                                          süzgecinden
                                                          geçirmeden
                                                          savunma
                                                          olayıdır. Yeni
                                                          kuşak
                                                          münazarayı
                                                          bilmez. O
                                                          nedenle son
                                                          bir <i>şımarıklık</i>
                                                          yaparak bir
                                                          süre önce bir
                                                          konferanstaki
                                                          sözlerimle
                                                          (ekte) konuyu
                                                          kapatmak
                                                          istiyorum. O
                                                          sözler
                                                          üzerinde
                                                          istense de
                                                          münazara
                                                          yapılamaz, ama
                                                          isteyenler
                                                          üstünde akıl
                                                          yürütebilirler.
                                                          Her akıl
                                                          yürütme
                                                          matematik
                                                          işidir. Onları
                                                          zevkle okurum.<br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>Yazılarını
                                                          okumayı
                                                          seviyorum.</p>
                                                          <p>Arşivde
                                                          bekliyor
                                                          dediklerini
                                                          kitap olarak
                                                          yayınlamanı
                                                          dilerim.<br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>Sevgilerle,</p>
                                                          <p>T.Karaçay</p>
                                                          <p>..............................<wbr>..............................<wbr>.......................</p>
                                                          <p><br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>1<br>
                                                          BİLİM ve
                                                          POSTMODERNİZM<br>
                                                          Timur KARAÇAY<br>
                                                          <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825moz-txt-link-abbreviated"
href="mailto:tkaracay@baskent.edu.tr" target="_blank">tkaracay@baskent.edu.tr</a><br>
                                                          1. GİRİŞ<br>
                                                          Gelenekçilere
                                                          göre
                                                          postmodernizmin
                                                          belirtken
                                                          nitelikleri
                                                          “keyfi”,
                                                          “üstünkörü”,
                                                          “alaycı”,
                                                          “amaçsız” ve
                                                          “tarihe
                                                          düşman”
                                                          olmasıdır.
                                                          Daha çekici
                                                          bir deyimle,
                                                          postmodernizm
                                                          “her şeyle
                                                          gider”. Bu
                                                          görüşü kabul
                                                          etmek kolay ve
                                                          rahatlatıcı
                                                          görünüyor. Ama
                                                          postmodernizm
                                                          üzerine sözle,
                                                          yazıyla ortaya
                                                          konulan bunca
                                                          düşünce
                                                          ürünlerinin
                                                          neden orta
                                                          yerde
                                                          durduğunu
                                                          açıklayamıyor.
                                                          O zaman,
                                                          gelenekçilerden
                                                          biraz
                                                          uzaklaşıp,
                                                          postmoderncilerin
                                                          ne dediğine
                                                          kulak vermek
                                                          gerekiyor.
                                                          Çözümlersek
                                                          “postmodernizm”
                                                          deyiminin
                                                          anlamı
                                                          modern-sonrası,
                                                          modern-ötesi
                                                          ve hatta
                                                          modern-karşıtı
                                                          olarak ortaya
                                                          çıkar. Yerine
                                                          göre, bu
                                                          deyimlerin
                                                          birisi ya da
                                                          hepsi
                                                          postmodernizme
                                                          kolayca
                                                          yapıştırılan
                                                          yaftalardır.
                                                          Ne yazık ki,
                                                          postmodernizmin,
                                                          “efradını
                                                          cami, ağyarını
                                                          mani” bir
                                                          tanımı ortaya
                                                          konamamıştır.
                                                          Dolayısıyla,
                                                          tanım yerine,
                                                          onu betimleyen
                                                          ifadelere
                                                          başvurmalıyız.
                                                          Literatürde
                                                          modernite ile
                                                          modenizm
                                                          ayrımını
                                                          yapanlar
                                                          vardır.
                                                          Bunlar, ikinci
                                                          terime daha
                                                          çok sanatsal
                                                          değişimleri
                                                          yüklerler.<br>
                                                          BİLİMDE
                                                          MODERNİZM
                                                          DÖNEMİ<br>
Postmodernizmin (varsa) matematiksel niteliklerini açıklamadan önce,
                                                          onun sontakısı
                                                          olan
                                                          “modernizm”
                                                          terimini bilim
                                                          ve matematik
                                                          açısından
                                                          açıklamak
                                                          yararlı
                                                          olacaktır.
                                                          Günlük yaşamda
                                                          çok
                                                          kullandığımız
                                                          “modern”
                                                          terimi avrupa
                                                          kültürüne
                                                          özgüdür ve
                                                          eski’den
                                                          yeni’ye geçişi
                                                          ifade eder. Bu
                                                          tanımı kabul
                                                          edersek,
                                                          modernizmin
                                                          başlangıcı
                                                          için bir
                                                          uzlaşma zamanı
                                                          seçilemez.
                                                          Kimileri onun
                                                          başlangıcını
                                                          antik çağın
                                                          bitimine kadar
                                                          geriye
                                                          götürür.
                                                          Bazıları
                                                          V.yüzyılda
                                                          Roma’nın
                                                          hiristiyanlığı
                                                          resmen kabul
                                                          edişiyle
                                                          başlayan dönem
                                                          olarak kabul
                                                          eder. Bazıları
                                                          Rönesansı,
                                                          bazıları
                                                          Fransız
                                                          devrimini
                                                          başlangıç
                                                          alır. Bilim
                                                          kamuoyu,
                                                          çoğunlukla,
                                                          17.yüzyılda
                                                          matematiğin ve
                                                          pozitif
                                                          bilimlerin
                                                          hızla
                                                          gelişmeye
                                                          başladığı
                                                          dönemi modern
                                                          bilimin
                                                          başlangıcı
                                                          sayar.<br>
                                                          Kültürel
                                                          bağlamda
                                                          modernizm’in
                                                          19. yüzyılda
                                                          sosyal,
                                                          siyasal,
                                                          sanatsal ve
                                                          edebi
                                                          gelenekleri
                                                          temsil eden
                                                          kurumların
                                                          geçerliğini
                                                          yitirdiği
                                                          savıyla ortaya
                                                          çıktığı görüşü
                                                          entellektüel
                                                          çevrede
                                                          yaygındır. Bu
                                                          görüş,
                                                          modernist
                                                          hareketin 19.
                                                          yüzyıl
                                                          ortasında
                                                          Fransa'da
                                                          ortaya
                                                          çıktığını ve
                                                          egemenliğini
                                                          1884-1914
                                                          yılları<br>
                                                          2<br>
                                                          arasında
                                                          sürdürdüğünü
                                                          söyler.
                                                          Modernizmin,
                                                          iki dünya
                                                          savaşı
                                                          arasındaki
                                                          dönemi
                                                          kapsadığını
                                                          söyleyenler de
                                                          vardır.<br>
                                                          Modernizm
                                                          döneminin sona
                                                          eriş tarihi de
                                                          uyuşmazlık
                                                          konusudur.
                                                          Arnold Toynbee
                                                          “Bir Tarih
                                                          İncelemesi
                                                          (1939)” adlı
                                                          kitabında,
                                                          modernizmin
                                                          I.Dünya Savaşı
                                                          bitiminde sona
                                                          erdiğini ve
                                                          arkasından
                                                          postmodern
                                                          dönemin
                                                          başladığını
                                                          söyler. Bazı
                                                          yazarlar,
                                                          moderniz
                                                          döneminin
                                                          bitiş ve
                                                          postmodernizm
                                                          döneminin
                                                          başlangıç
                                                          tarihi olarak
                                                          II.Dünya
                                                          Savaşının sona
                                                          erdiği 1943
                                                          yılını
                                                          alırlar. Bu
                                                          tarihi 1968
                                                          yılında
                                                          Fransa’da
                                                          başlayan
                                                          gençlik
                                                          hareketlerine
                                                          bağlayanlar da
                                                          vardır.<br>
                                                          “Modern”
                                                          terimi
                                                          aydınlanma
                                                          döneminin
                                                          deyimidir. İlk
                                                          kez
                                                          Rousseau'nun
                                                          yazılarında
                                                          kullanıldığı
                                                          söylenir.
                                                          Antik çağ ile
                                                          o zamanki
                                                          dönemin
                                                          farkını
                                                          vurgulamak
                                                          için
                                                          kullanılmıştır.
                                                          İki anlamından
                                                          birisi budur;
                                                          yani batı
                                                          uygarlığının
                                                          bir dönemini
                                                          belirler.
                                                          İkincisi,
                                                          güzel
                                                          sanatlarda bir
                                                          stili ya da
                                                          tarzı belirten
                                                          deyimdir. En
                                                          geniş
                                                          anlamıyla
                                                          modernizmin
                                                          nitelikleri,
                                                          ancak
                                                          Hiristiyanlık
                                                          tarihi ile
                                                          birlikte ele
                                                          alındığında
                                                          tam bir
                                                          açıklamaya
                                                          kavuşabilir.
                                                          Felsefi
                                                          anlamıyla,
                                                          modernizm,
                                                          aydınlanma
                                                          ilkelerini
                                                          temel alan
                                                          toplumsal
                                                          eylemlerin
                                                          adıdır.
                                                          Entellektüel
                                                          bakışla,
                                                          inanca karşı
                                                          bilgiyi,
                                                          teolojiye
                                                          karşı bilimi
                                                          öne çıkaran
                                                          düşünce
                                                          sistemine
                                                          aydınlanma
                                                          diyoruz.
                                                          Modernizm,
                                                          aydınlanma
                                                          düşüncesini
                                                          temel alır.
                                                          İlerlemeye
                                                          inanır. Akıl
                                                          ve bilimi
                                                          ilerlemenin
                                                          aracı olarak
                                                          görür.<br>
                                                          Modernite,
                                                          bireyi ve
                                                          toplumu
                                                          yöneten
                                                          değerlerin
                                                          eskidiği,
                                                          onların yerine
                                                          yenilerinin
                                                          konması
                                                          gereğini
                                                          savunur. Onun
                                                          için sanatta,
                                                          edebiyatta,
                                                          felsefede,
                                                          siyasette,
                                                          ticarette, …,
                                                          kısaca, insan
                                                          yaşamına
                                                          etkiyen her
                                                          alanda
                                                          eskilerin
                                                          yerine yeni
                                                          değerler
                                                          konularak yeni
                                                          bir kültür
                                                          yaratılmalıydı.
                                                          Böylelikle
                                                          kültürün
                                                          eskiyen
                                                          öğeleri yeni
                                                          ve daha iyi
                                                          olanla
                                                          değiştirilebilecekti.
                                                          Modernite, 20.
                                                          yüzyılın
                                                          ortaya
                                                          çıkardığı
                                                          yeniliklerin
                                                          iyi, güzel ve
                                                          kalıcı
                                                          olduğunu
                                                          savunur. O
                                                          halde, insan,
                                                          dünya görüşünü
                                                          bu yeniliklere
                                                          uyarlamalıdır.
                                                          Eskiden yeniye
                                                          geçiş dönemini
                                                          en geniş zaman
                                                          dilimine
                                                          yayacak
                                                          olursak, bu
                                                          dönemde ortaya
                                                          çıkan büyük
                                                          olguların
                                                          büyük
                                                          sorunsallar
                                                          yarattığı
                                                          apaçıktır.
                                                          Yeni dünya
                                                          görüşü
                                                          ortaçağı
                                                          aşmak,
                                                          geleneklerden
                                                          sıyrılmaktır.
                                                          Feodalizmden
                                                          kapitalizme,
                                                          endüstrileşmeye,
                                                          sekülerizme
                                                          geçiş
                                                          yaşanmaktadır.
                                                          Köyden kente
                                                          hücum
                                                          başlamıştır.
                                                          Bu geniş
                                                          dönemde
                                                          kolonyalizm
                                                          başlamış ve
                                                          bitmiştir.
                                                          Bunların her
                                                          birisi büyük
                                                          toplumsal
                                                          dönüşümlerdir.
                                                          Dolayısıyla
                                                          kendi iç
                                                          çelişkilerini
                                                          yaratması
                                                          kaçınılmazdı.
                                                          Bu çelişkiler,
                                                          elbette
                                                          dönemin
                                                          sanatına,
                                                          edebiyatına,
                                                          felsefesine
                                                          etki yaptığı
                                                          gibi,
                                                          toplumları da
etkileyecektir. Kolonyalizm, sonunda özgürlük isteklerini kabartacak ve
ulus-devletlerin ortaya çıkmasına neden olacaktır. Kapitalizmin vahşi
                                                          yükselişini
                                                          durduracak
                                                          bireyci ve
                                                          toplumcu
                                                          düşünce
                                                          sistemleri
                                                          ortaya
                                                          çıkacaktır.
                                                          Kilise
                                                          baskısından
                                                          kurtulma
                                                          çabaları
                                                          sekülarizme
                                                          giden yolu
                                                          iyice
                                                          açmıştır.
                                                          İnanç
                                                          kurumlarının
                                                          vaadettiğinden
                                                          farklı olarak,
                                                          bireyin, öteki
                                                          dünyada değil,
                                                          bu dünyadaki
                                                          yaşamında
                                                          rahat, özgür
                                                          ve mutlu
                                                          olması isteği,
                                                          hümanist
                                                          düşüncelerin
                                                          yükselmesini
                                                          sağlayacaktır.<br>
                                                          3<br>
                                                          Yönetimde,
                                                          hukukta,
                                                          ticarette,
                                                          üretimde ve
                                                          hatta
                                                          tüketimde
                                                          düzen esas
                                                          kılınmak
                                                          istendi.
                                                          Üretim
                                                          bantları
                                                          tüketicinin
                                                          önüne standart
                                                          malları
                                                          koymaya
                                                          başladı.
                                                          Doğruya ve
                                                          gerçeğe
                                                          ulaşmak için
                                                          akıl öne
                                                          çıkarıldı.
                                                          Nesnel
                                                          olgulardan
                                                          yola çıkılarak
                                                          evrensel
                                                          doğrulara
                                                          erişilmek
                                                          istendi.
                                                          Doğanın
                                                          gizemli
                                                          yasalarının
                                                          bilimsel
                                                          yöntemlerle
                                                          bir bir açığa
                                                          çıkarılacağı
                                                          umudu yeşerdi.
                                                          Bu büyük
                                                          değişim süreci
                                                          sanatta,
                                                          edebiyatta,
                                                          felsefede
                                                          elbette
                                                          eleştiriye
                                                          uğramalıydı.
                                                          Öyle oldu.
                                                          Modernitenin
                                                          insana vaad
                                                          ettiği refahı,
                                                          mutluluğu,
                                                          özgürlüğü
                                                          veremeyişi,
                                                          bazı
                                                          sanatçıları ve
                                                          düşünürleri
                                                          yeni
                                                          arayışlara
                                                          yöneltti.
                                                          Postmodernizm
                                                          diye
                                                          adlandırılan
                                                          olgunun ortaya
                                                          çıkışını buna
                                                          bağlamak
                                                          gerekir.<br>
                                                          Modernizm ile
postmodernizmin niteliklerini karşılaştıranlar, genellikle, şöyle bir
                                                          tablo
                                                          düzenlerler:<br>
                                                          Modernizmin
                                                          Nitelikleri<br>
Postmodernizmin Nitelikleri Rasyonel irrasyonel<br>
                                                          Bilimsel<br>
                                                          bilimsel değil
                                                          Evrensel yerel<br>
                                                          Demokratik<br>
                                                          feminist ve
                                                          azınlıkçı
                                                          hiyerarşik
                                                          anarşik<br>
                                                          düzenli<br>
                                                          kaotik merkezi
                                                          dağıtık<br>
                                                          avrupalı, batı
                                                          kültürlü<br>
                                                          çok kültürlü
                                                          genelleme
                                                          özelleme<br>
                                                          belirgin
                                                          (determinate)<br>
                                                          belgisiz
                                                          (indeterminate)
                                                          objektif
                                                          subjektif<br>
                                                          formal<br>
                                                          informal
                                                          amaçlı,
                                                          anlamlı
                                                          amaçsız,
                                                          anlamsız<br>
                                                          kurucu<br>
                                                          yıkıcı
                                                          gelişmeci
                                                          gelişmeye
                                                          inanmaz<br>
                                                          kuramsal<br>
                                                          empirik
                                                          analitik ve
                                                          sentetik
                                                          çözümlemez,
                                                          retorik<br>
                                                          basitlik,
                                                          zerafet<br>
                                                          dekoratif,
                                                          şaşaalı
                                                          mantıksal,
                                                          bilimsel
                                                          sezgisel<br>
                                                          sebep-sonuç
                                                          ilişkisi<br>
                                                          şans, olasılık
                                                          kalıcı geçici<br>
                                                          soyut<br>
                                                          somut<br>
                                                          Bu liste bakış
                                                          açımıza ve
                                                          modernite
                                                          dönemini ne
                                                          kadar geniş
                                                          aldığımıza
                                                          bağlı olarak
                                                          değişebilir.
                                                          Bu yazının
                                                          amacı
                                                          modern-postmodern
                                                          ayrımının
                                                          bilime ve
                                                          matematiğe
                                                          yansımasını
                                                          irdelemektir.
                                                          O nedenle,
                                                          konunun
                                                          sanatsal ve
                                                          felsefi yanına
değinilmeyecektir. Yapmak istediğimiz iş için bilimin ve matematiğin
                                                          gelişimini
                                                          kısaca
                                                          özetlemek
                                                          gerekiyor.<br>
                                                          4<br>
                                                          2. BİLİMDE
                                                          POSTMODERNİZM
                                                          YOKTUR<br>
                                                          Nicolaus
                                                          Copernicus
                                                          (1473-1543),
                                                          Aristo’nun ve
                                                          kilisenin yer
                                                          merkezli
                                                          (geocentric)
                                                          evren kuramını
                                                          yıktıktan
                                                          sonra ivme
                                                          kazanmaya
                                                          başlayan bilim
                                                          17, 18 ve
                                                          19-uncu
                                                          yüzyıllarda
                                                          hızla gelişti.
                                                          Astronomi ve
                                                          fizikte evrene
                                                          ve maddeye
                                                          bakış açımızı
                                                          bütünüyle
                                                          değiştiren
                                                          gelişmeler
                                                          oldu. Her
                                                          yenilik bir
                                                          değişim
                                                          getirir. Her
                                                          değişim
                                                          eleştiriye
                                                          uğrar. 19-uncu
                                                          yüzyılın
                                                          sonlarından
                                                          başlayıp
                                                          20-inci
                                                          yüzyılın ilk
                                                          çeyreğine
                                                          kadar süren
                                                          dönemde bilim
                                                          adamları
                                                          bilimin ciddi
                                                          eleştirilerini
                                                          yaptı. Bilimin
                                                          ne olduğu
                                                          yanında,
                                                          bilimin
                                                          güvenilir olup
                                                          olmadığı
                                                          konusu
                                                          tartışıldı. Bu
                                                          tartışmalar
                                                          arasında
                                                          ahlâkı
                                                          bilimsel
                                                          temellere
                                                          oturtma
                                                          hevesleri de
                                                          oldu. Elbette,
                                                          her zaman
                                                          olduğu gibi
                                                          inanç
                                                          kurumları
                                                          bilimi denetim
                                                          altına alma
                                                          isteklerinden
                                                          vazgeçmedi.<br>
                                                          Hiristiyanlık
                                                          yaygınlaşıp
                                                          baskıcı olmaya
                                                          başlayınca,
                                                          Antik Çağ’da
                                                          başlayan
                                                          düşünce
                                                          hareketleri
                                                          olgunluk
                                                          dönemine
                                                          ulaşmışken
                                                          birdenbire
                                                          kesintiye
                                                          uğradı.
                                                          Düşünce
                                                          dünyasında
                                                          oluşan bu çöl
                                                          ortamı
                                                          Rönesansa
                                                          (14.yy-17.yy)
                                                          kadar sürdü.
                                                          Antik çağda
                                                          maddeyi
                                                          inceleyen ve
                                                          günümüz
                                                          fizikçilerinin
                                                          ataları
                                                          sayılması
                                                          gereken
                                                          İyonyalı
                                                          filozoflara
                                                          “fizikçiler”
                                                          deniyordu.
                                                          Maddenin ne
                                                          olduğu ve
                                                          nasıl oluştuğu
                                                          o gün olduğu
                                                          kadar, bu gün
                                                          de
                                                          fizikçilerin
                                                          asıl
                                                          problemlerinden
                                                          birisidir. O
                                                          zamanlar
                                                          Elealı
                                                          filozofların
                                                          ve Eflatun’un
                                                          maddenin
                                                          varlığından
                                                          şüpheye
                                                          düştüklerini
                                                          görüyoruz.
                                                          Antik çağda
                                                          felsefenin
                                                          esas
                                                          konularından
                                                          birisi olan
                                                          “madde”,
                                                          Rönesanstan
                                                          sonra fizik
                                                          dalında
                                                          bilimsel
                                                          yöntemlerle
                                                          yeniden ele
                                                          alındı. Modern
                                                          dönemde fizik,
                                                          madde ile
                                                          ilgili her
                                                          şeyin
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          açıklamasını
                                                          yapmak
                                                          istiyordu.
                                                          René Descartes
                                                          (1596-1650)
                                                          ’in varisleri
                                                          olan mekanist
                                                          fizikçiler,
                                                          maddeyi,
                                                          uzayda bir yer
                                                          kaplayan
                                                          geometrik bir
                                                          cisim olarak
                                                          gördüler.
                                                          Gottfried
                                                          Wilhelm
                                                          Leibniz
                                                          (1646-1716) ve
                                                          Isaac Newton
                                                          (1643-1727)
                                                          maddeye
                                                          dinamik bir
                                                          anlam
                                                          verdiler.
                                                          Mekanistler
                                                          ile
                                                          dinamistler
                                                          “kuvvet”
                                                          kavramında
                                                          buluştu.<br>
                                                          Henüz kimya ve
                                                          biyolojide
                                                          büyük
                                                          adımların
                                                          atılmadığı
                                                          zamanlarda
                                                          Fizik’teki
                                                          yeni buluşlar
                                                          modern bilime
                                                          daima verimli
                                                          boyutlar
                                                          ekledi.
                                                          Termodinamik
                                                          yasaları
                                                          ortaya
                                                          konunca, her
                                                          şeyi harekete
                                                          indirgeyen
                                                          klâsik fiziğin
                                                          yetmezliği
                                                          görüldü. Onun
                                                          yerine
                                                          termodinamiğin
                                                          ilkelerini de
                                                          içine alan
                                                          “enerji
                                                          fiziği”
                                                          kavramına
                                                          geçildi. İş’in
                                                          ısıya
                                                          dönüştüğü
                                                          Nicolas
                                                          Léonard Sadi
                                                          Carnot
                                                          (1796-1832)
                                                          tarafından
                                                          1824 yılında
                                                          ispatlandı.
                                                          Isının işe
                                                          eşdeğer olduğu<br>
                                                          5<br>
                                                          Jules ve Mayer
                                                          tarafından
                                                          1847 yılında
                                                          gösterildi.
                                                          Sonra
                                                          enerjinin
                                                          sakımı yasası
                                                          ortaya
                                                          konuldu.<br>
                                                          Doğal olarak,
                                                          bu bulguların
                                                          ortaya
                                                          kondukları
                                                          süreçte
                                                          mekanizm,
                                                          dinamizm,
                                                          materyalizm,
                                                          realizm,
                                                          idealizm,
                                                          sipiritualizm,…
                                                          gibi
                                                          terimlerle
                                                          ifade edilen
                                                          felsefi
                                                          tartışmalar
                                                          hararetle
                                                          sürdü.
                                                          Tartışmalar şu
                                                          soruya yanıt
                                                          arıyordu:<br>
                                                          “-Bilim
                                                          güvenli midir?
                                                          Fizik, madde
                                                          hakkında
                                                          gerçek bilgiyi
                                                          verebiliyor
                                                          mu?
                                                          Veremiyorsa,
                                                          dine ve
                                                          metafiziğe
                                                          kapanan
                                                          kapılar
                                                          yeniden
                                                          açılmalı mı?”<br>
                                                          Bu soruyu
                                                          içtenlikle
                                                          ortaya atan
                                                          gerçek bilim
                                                          adamları
                                                          yanında, bu
                                                          kuşkuyu
                                                          yaymayı
                                                          kendileri için
                                                          yararlı ve
                                                          hatta zorunlu
                                                          bir fırsat
                                                          olarak gören
                                                          inanç
                                                          kurumları her
                                                          zaman var
                                                          olagelmiştir.
                                                          Her fırsatta
                                                          bilime karşı
                                                          duran bu akım
                                                          kesintisiz
                                                          süregelmektedir.
                                                          Bilimin doğa
                                                          olaylarını ve
                                                          evreni hiçbir
                                                          zaman
                                                          açıklayamayacağını
                                                          söyleyerek,
                                                          yaratılış
                                                          dogmasını
                                                          yeniden egemen
                                                          kılmak isteyen
                                                          bu akım, adını
                                                          akıllı
                                                          tasarımcı
                                                          (intelligent
                                                          designer) diye
                                                          değiştirdikten
                                                          sonra, şimdi
                                                          postmodernizm’in
                                                          arkasına
                                                          gizlenmeye mi
                                                          çalışıyor?<br>
                                                          Gerçek şudur:
                                                          Metafizik ve
                                                          inanç
                                                          sistemleri
                                                          dünyayı ve
                                                          evreni asla
                                                          açıklayamadılar;
                                                          yanlışlanamaz
                                                          biçimde ortaya
                                                          konan ve
                                                          tekrar tekrar
                                                          apaçık
                                                          gözlemlenebilen
                                                          bilimsel
                                                          bilgilerle
                                                          çelişkiye
                                                          düştüler.
                                                          Onlar bu
                                                          çelişkiyi
                                                          aşamazken,
                                                          modernitenin
                                                          insanlara
                                                          sunduğu refah,
                                                          toplumlarda
                                                          bilime olan
                                                          güveni giderek
                                                          pekiştirdi.
                                                          Ülkeler eğitim
                                                          sistemlerinde
                                                          bilim ve
                                                          teknolojiye
                                                          öncelik
                                                          tanıdılar.
                                                          Bilim,
                                                          giderek,
                                                          pragmatizmin
                                                          yerini aldı.
                                                          Deney ve
                                                          gözlem
                                                          sonuçları
                                                          bilimsel
                                                          kuramlara
                                                          dönüşmeye
                                                          başladı.
                                                          Pozitivist ya
                                                          da maddeci
                                                          görüşleri aşan
                                                          bu anlayış,
                                                          kaçınılmaz
                                                          biçimde
                                                          felsefeyi de
                                                          etkiledi.
                                                          Metafiziğe ve
                                                          inanç
                                                          sistemlerine
                                                          karşı koyan
                                                          düşünce
                                                          akımları güç
                                                          kazandı.
                                                          Pierre-Simon
                                                          Laplace
                                                          (1749-1827)
                                                          ile başlayan
                                                          bu akım,
                                                          matematik
                                                          kesinliğe
                                                          dayanan ve
                                                          adına
                                                          determinizm
                                                          denilen
                                                          bilimsel
                                                          kuramı ortaya
                                                          koydu.
                                                          Elbette, bunun
                                                          bir karşı
                                                          görüş
                                                          yaratması
                                                          doğaldır.
                                                          Bilimsel
                                                          tanımların
                                                          felsefi
                                                          yorumunu yapan
                                                          fizikçi Pierre
                                                          Duhem
                                                          (1861-1916),
                                                          matematikçi
                                                          Édouard Louis
                                                          Emmanuel
                                                          Julien Le Roy
                                                          (1870-1954)
                                                          fiziğin de
                                                          matematik gibi
                                                          sembolik bir
                                                          dil olduğunu
                                                          ileri
                                                          sürdüler. O
                                                          nedenle,
                                                          maddenin
                                                          niteliğine
                                                          bakmadan,
                                                          nesneleri
                                                          aklın
                                                          kavrayabilmesi
                                                          için daha
                                                          açık, daha
                                                          basit bir dil
                                                          ile açıklamak
                                                          gerektiğini<br>
                                                          6<br>
                                                          savundular. Bu
                                                          görüş,
                                                          liberalizmin
                                                          babası ve
                                                          aydınlanmanın
                                                          kurucularından
                                                          sayılan John
                                                          Locke
                                                          (1632-1704)’un
                                                          nesneleri
                                                          birinci ve
                                                          ikinci
                                                          kalitedekiler
                                                          sınıflamasına
                                                          kadar geriye
                                                          gidip dayandı.
                                                          Locke, birinci
                                                          kalitedeki
                                                          (tanımsız)
                                                          nesnelerin
                                                          kendilerinden
                                                          daha basit
                                                          nesnelerle
                                                          açıklanamayacağını
                                                          söyler. Onlar,
                                                          geometrik ya
                                                          da mekanik
                                                          olayların
                                                          sanal
                                                          görüntüsüdür.
                                                          Birinci
                                                          kalitedeki
                                                          nesneleri
                                                          ancak
                                                          duyularımızla
                                                          ya da
                                                          sezgilerimizle
                                                          algılarız.
                                                          İkinci
                                                          kalitedeki
                                                          nesneler ise,
                                                          birinci
                                                          kalitedekiler
                                                          yardımıyla
                                                          açıklanabilir.
                                                          Örneğin, renk
                                                          nesnesini
                                                          (kavramını)
                                                          birinci
                                                          kalitedeki
                                                          nesnelerle
                                                          açıklayabiliriz1.
                                                          Bu düşünce,
                                                          Bertrand
                                                          Russel’in
                                                          paradokstan
                                                          sakınmak için
                                                          Kümeler
                                                          Kuramı’nda
                                                          yaptığı
                                                          sınıflandırmaya
                                                          benzer. Daha
                                                          genel olarak,
                                                          bir
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          sistem
                                                          kurulurken,
                                                          başlangıçta
                                                          var sayılan
                                                          belitler
                                                          (axiom,
                                                          tanımsız
                                                          terim, ilkel
                                                          terim), burada
                                                          sözü edilen
                                                          birinci
                                                          kalitedeki
                                                          nesneler
                                                          gibidir.<br>
                                                          Böylece,
                                                          bilimin,
                                                          maddenin
                                                          ötesini
                                                          göremediğini
                                                          kabul eden
                                                          pozitivist ve
                                                          mekanist
                                                          anlayış,
                                                          sonunda
                                                          bilimsellikte
                                                          (scientism)
                                                          karar kıldı.
                                                          Olayları
                                                          betimleyen bir
                                                          dil olarak
                                                          kabul
                                                          edildiğinde,
                                                          fizik, doğa
                                                          olaylarının o
                                                          dile bir
                                                          çevirisini
                                                          yapıyor
                                                          demektir. Bu
                                                          çeviriler
                                                          arasında
                                                          farklılıkların
                                                          ve hattâ
                                                          yanlışlıkların
                                                          olması
                                                          doğaldır.
                                                          Öyleyse,
                                                          maddenin
                                                          niteliğini
                                                          bilebilmek ve
                                                          doğayı
                                                          kavrayabilmek
                                                          için fiziğin
                                                          madde hakkında
                                                          bize sunduğu
                                                          bilgilerin
                                                          sağlamlığından
                                                          kuşku
                                                          duyulması çok
                                                          doğaldır.<br>
                                                          18. ve 19.
                                                          yüzyıllarda
                                                          fizik, kimya,
                                                          biyoloji ve
                                                          özellikle
                                                          astronomide
                                                          elde edilen
                                                          değerli
                                                          bilgiler
                                                          materyalist
                                                          akımı öne
                                                          çıkardı.
                                                          Sonunda, bütün
                                                          doğa
                                                          olaylarını
                                                          açıklayan
                                                          yasaların var
                                                          olduğu görüşü
                                                          kuvvetlendi.
                                                          Bu düşünce
                                                          giderek,
                                                          evrensel bir
                                                          hareket ve
                                                          determinizm
                                                          yasası olduğu
                                                          görüşüne kadar
                                                          uzandı.
                                                          Laplace,
                                                          kendisine
                                                          yeterli
                                                          başlangıç
                                                          bilgilerin
                                                          verilmesi
                                                          halinde, 1000
                                                          yıl sonra
                                                          evrenin her
                                                          hangi bir
                                                          yerinde ne
                                                          olacağını
                                                          hesap
                                                          edebileceğini
                                                          söyledi.
                                                          Hareketi
                                                          temsil eden
                                                          diferensiyel
                                                          denklemin
                                                          analitik
                                                          çözümünün
                                                          bulunması ve
                                                          başlangıç
                                                          değerlerinin
                                                          verilmesi
                                                          halinde,
                                                          yalnız 1000
                                                          yıl sonrasının
                                                          değil, 1000
                                                          yıl öncesinin
                                                          de
                                                          hesaplanabileceğini
                                                          bu gün her
                                                          matematikçi
                                                          bilir.<br>
                                                          Konuya başka
                                                          açıdan
                                                          bakalım.
                                                          Determinizm
                                                          yasası yalnız
                                                          fiziksel
                                                          bilimlere
                                                          değil, gerekli
                                                          ön veriler
                                                          olduğunda,
                                                          sosyal
                                                          bilimlere de
                                                          uygulanabilir.<br>
                                                          1 Modern
                                                          Fizik,
                                                          renkeleri
                                                          dalga
                                                          boylarına göre
                                                          belirler.<br>
                                                          7<br>
                                                          Özel olarak
                                                          her toplumun
                                                          ve hatta her
                                                          bireyin
                                                          davranışları
                                                          için de bu
                                                          yasa geçerli
                                                          olmalıdır.
                                                          Dolayısıyla,
                                                          toplumların ve
                                                          bireylerin
                                                          davranışları
                                                          ve gelecekleri
                                                          başlangıçta
                                                          tayin edildiği
                                                          gibi olacağı
                                                          hükmüne
                                                          varılır. Öyle
                                                          olduğunda,
                                                          toplumların ve
                                                          bireyin
                                                          geleneksel
                                                          olarak görev,
                                                          liyakat, itaat
                                                          esasına
                                                          dayanan ahlâki
                                                          (etik)
                                                          değerleri bir
                                                          anda yok olur.
                                                          Bununla da
                                                          kalmaz,
                                                          insanın aklî
                                                          çabalarını bir
                                                          yana itersek,
                                                          determinizmi
                                                          kaderci bir
                                                          zihniyete
                                                          indirgemiş
                                                          oluruz. Çünkü,
                                                          kaderci görüşe
                                                          indirgenen
                                                          determinizmde
                                                          bireyin
                                                          davranışları
                                                          tamamen
                                                          kalıtımın
                                                          (irsiyet)
                                                          etkisiyle
                                                          belirlenecektir.<br>
                                                          Bu kadar
                                                          indirgenmiş
                                                          bir
                                                          determinizm
                                                          anlayışına
                                                          felsefenin
                                                          karşı
                                                          çıkmasından
                                                          daha doğal ne
                                                          olabilir?
                                                          Sosyolojinin
                                                          kurucusu ve
                                                          pozitivizmin
                                                          önemli
                                                          adlarından
                                                          sayılan August
                                                          Comte
                                                          (1798-1857),
                                                          bir yandan
                                                          bilimsel
                                                          araştırmalara
                                                          sınır koymak
                                                          isterken, öte
                                                          yandan ahlâkı
                                                          bilimsel
                                                          yöntemlerle
                                                          ortaya
                                                          koyabileceğine
                                                          inanıyordu. Bu
başarılabilirse, bilimsel yasalara bağlı olacağı için, herkesin kabul
                                                          edeceği
                                                          evrensel ahlâk
                                                          yasaları
                                                          kurulmuş
                                                          olacaktı. Ünlü
                                                          matematikçi
                                                          Henri Poincaré
                                                          (1854-1912) bu
                                                          görüşe karşı
                                                          çıkar ve der
                                                          ki;<br>
                                                          “-Bir tasımın
                                                          (çıkarım,
                                                          usavurma)
                                                          öncüllerinden
                                                          her ikisi de
                                                          bildirimci
                                                          (indicative)
                                                          olursa çıkan
                                                          sonuç da
                                                          bildirimci
                                                          olacaktır.
                                                          Oysa ahlâk
                                                          kuralları
                                                          bildirimci
                                                          değil,
                                                          buyrukçudur
                                                          (imperative).
                                                          Tasımda
                                                          sonucun
                                                          buyrukçu
                                                          olabilmesi
                                                          için,
                                                          öncüllerden en
                                                          az birisinin
                                                          buyrukçu
                                                          olması
                                                          gerekir. Öte
                                                          yandan,
                                                          bilimin
                                                          belitleri ve
                                                          önermeleri
                                                          buyrukçu
                                                          değil,
                                                          bildirimcidir.
                                                          En hünerli
                                                          diyalektikçi
                                                          bu ilkelerle
                                                          ne kadar
                                                          oynarsa
                                                          oynasın,
                                                          onları
                                                          buyrukçu
                                                          yapamaz.”<br>
                                                          Jules
                                                          Lachelier
                                                          (1832-1918),
                                                          Kant’ın “La
                                                          Critique Du
                                                          Judgement”
                                                          adlı eserinden
                                                          aldığı ilhamla
                                                          doğa
                                                          yasalarının
                                                          nedensellik
                                                          (casualité)
                                                          ilkesi kadar
                                                          sonuç
                                                          (finalité)
                                                          ilkesine de
                                                          bağlı olduğunu
                                                          savundu.
                                                          Pozitivist
                                                          determinizm
                                                          denilen bu
                                                          akımı ciddi
                                                          olarak
                                                          eleştiren
                                                          bilim
                                                          adamlarının
                                                          öncüsü Emile
                                                          Boutroux
                                                          (1845-1921)
                                                          sayılır.
                                                          Boutroux,
                                                          “Doğa
                                                          Yasalarının
                                                          Olabilirliği”
                                                          adlı tezinde
                                                          maddeden
                                                          hayata,
                                                          hayattan
                                                          bilince, aşağı
                                                          realiteden
                                                          üstün
                                                          realiteye
                                                          geçtikçe
                                                          determinizmin
                                                          alanının
                                                          daraldığını ve
                                                          etkisinin
                                                          azaldığını
                                                          savundu. Sonuç
                                                          olarak, “fizik
                                                          âlemde egemen
                                                          olan
                                                          determinizm
                                                          matematik
                                                          kesinlik
                                                          taşıyan bir
                                                          determinizm
                                                          değildir”
                                                          yargısına
                                                          vardı. Onun
                                                          başlattığı
                                                          doğa bilimleri
                                                          eleştirisi<br>
                                                          8<br>
                                                          akımı,
                                                          1890-1915
                                                          yılları
                                                          arasında
                                                          zirveye
                                                          ulaşmıştır. Bu
                                                          akımın iki
                                                          önemli
                                                          niteliği
                                                          vardır:<br>
                                                          1. Bilime
                                                          yapılan bu
                                                          eleştiri
                                                          doğrudan
                                                          doğruya
                                                          felsefeden
                                                          değil, bilimin
                                                          kendisinden
                                                          çıkmıştır ve
                                                          teknik
                                                          görünüme
                                                          sahiptir.
                                                          Öklityen
                                                          olmayan
                                                          geometrilerin
                                                          varlığından
                                                          yola çıkan
                                                          akımın başında
                                                          Henri
                                                          Poincaré,
                                                          Georg Cantor,
                                                          Bertrand
                                                          Russel, Pierre
                                                          Duhem, Gaston
                                                          Milhaud,
                                                          Edouard Le Roy
                                                          vardır. Ancak,
                                                          bu adlar kendi
                                                          aralarında da
                                                          ciddi tartışma
                                                          içindedirler.
                                                          Örneğin,
                                                          Poincaré, Le
                                                          Roy’un
                                                          görüşlerini
                                                          çok sert bir
                                                          dille
                                                          eleştirmiştir.<br>
                                                          2. Bilimlerin
                                                          niteliğini
                                                          eleştiren bu
                                                          akım,
                                                          bilimlerin
                                                          değişmez
                                                          ilkelerini
                                                          ortaya koymak
                                                          peşindedir.
                                                          Dolayısıyla,
                                                          metafizik ya
                                                          da inanç
                                                          sistemlerinin
                                                          yaptığı
                                                          eleştirilerle
bağdaştırılamazlar.<br>
                                                          Antiscientisme
                                                          diye
                                                          adlandırılan
                                                          bu akım,
                                                          scientism
                                                          (bilimsellik)
                                                          karşıtı bir
                                                          akım değildir.
                                                          O, bilimlerin
                                                          mahiyeti
                                                          yanında aklı
                                                          da eleştiriye
                                                          tabi tutmuş;
                                                          bilimi, dış
                                                          dünyadaki
                                                          varlıklarla
                                                          aklın nesnel
                                                          ilişkilerinin
                                                          bir ifadesi
                                                          olarak
                                                          görmüştür.
                                                          Böylece,
                                                          sanat, din ve
                                                          ahlâk
                                                          alanlarını
                                                          positivisme’in
                                                          ve
                                                          scientisme’in
                                                          kehanetlerinin
                                                          işgalinden
                                                          kurtarıp,
                                                          insanın
                                                          özgürlüğüne
                                                          geniş bir kapı
                                                          açmayı
                                                          hedeflediği
                                                          söylenmelidir.<br>
                                                          Bu bölümün son
                                                          sözünü
                                                          söylemek
                                                          gerekirse,
                                                          modern bilim,
postmoderncilerin iddia ettiği gibi totaliter, indirgemeci, katı
                                                          yapıları olan,
                                                          değişmez
                                                          yasalar koyan
                                                          bir sistem
                                                          değildir.
                                                          Rasyoneldir
                                                          (akılcıdır).
                                                          Gerçeği ve
                                                          evrensel
                                                          yasaları arar.
                                                          Düzenden,
                                                          nesnellikten,
                                                          özgürlükten
                                                          yanadır.
                                                          Yüzyıllar
                                                          boyunca süren
                                                          bilimsel bilgi
                                                          üretim süreci,
                                                          kendi
                                                          niteliğini,
                                                          geleneklerini
                                                          ve
                                                          standartlarını
                                                          koymuştur.
                                                          Bilimsel
                                                          çalışma hiç
                                                          kimsenin
                                                          tekelinde
                                                          değildir, hiç
                                                          kimsenin
                                                          iznine bağlı
                                                          değildir.
                                                          Bilim herkese
                                                          açıktır.
                                                          İsteyen her
                                                          kişi ya da
                                                          kurum bilimsel
                                                          çalışma
                                                          yapabilir.
                                                          Dil, din, ırk,
                                                          ülke tanımaz.
                                                          Her an herkes
                                                          tarafından,
                                                          üretilen
                                                          bilginin
                                                          geçerliği ve
                                                          kesinliği
                                                          denetlenebilir.
                                                          Bu denetim
                                                          sürecinde,
                                                          yanlış olduğu
                                                          anlaşılan
                                                          bilgiler
                                                          elenir.
                                                          Dolayısıyla,
                                                          bilim,
                                                          herhangi bir
                                                          anda tekniğin
                                                          verdiği en iyi
                                                          olanaklarla
                                                          gözlenebilen,
                                                          denenebilen ya
                                                          da mevcut
                                                          bilgilere
                                                          dayanılarak
                                                          mantık
                                                          kurallarıyla
                                                          geçerliği
                                                          kanıtlanabilen
                                                          sistemli
                                                          bilgilerden
                                                          oluşur. Karl
                                                          Popper
                                                          (1902-1994)’in
                                                          dediği gibi,
                                                          yanlışlanan
                                                          bilgi, hemen
                                                          bilimsel bilgi
                                                          havuzundan
                                                          atılır, yerine
                                                          yenisi girer.<br>
                                                          9<br>
                                                          Hepimizin
                                                          bildiği gibi
                                                          Newton’un
                                                          hareket
                                                          yasaları,
                                                          20.yüzyılda
                                                          Kuantum Fiziği
                                                          ve Görelilik
                                                          Kuramı
                                                          bulunana dek,
                                                          fizikte genel
                                                          doğru kabul
                                                          edildi. Ama
                                                          şimdi, Newton
                                                          yasalarının
                                                          genel
                                                          geçerliği olan
                                                          evrensel
                                                          yasalar
                                                          olmadığı
                                                          ortaya
                                                          konuldu. Atom
                                                          altı
                                                          parçacıkların
                                                          hareketlerini
                                                          açıklamak için
                                                          Kuantum
                                                          Mekaniğini,
                                                          çok uzak gök
                                                          cisimlerinin
                                                          çok hızlı
                                                          hareketlerini
                                                          açıklamak için
                                                          Görelilik
                                                          Kuramını,
                                                          yakın
                                                          çevremizde
                                                          (dünya ve ona
                                                          bağlı
                                                          gezegenler)
                                                          oluşan
                                                          hareketlerin
                                                          açıklanması
                                                          için Newton
                                                          Mekaniğini
                                                          kullanıyoruz.
                                                          Her iyi
                                                          fizikçinin
                                                          hayali, bu üç
                                                          mekaniği içine
                                                          alan evrensel
                                                          hareket
                                                          yasasını
                                                          bulabilmektir.
                                                          Bir gün bunun
bulunamayacağını kim söyleyebilir?<br>
                                                          3. MATEMATİKTE
                                                          POSTMODERNİZM
                                                          OLAMAZ<br>
                                                          Matematik akıl
                                                          yürütme ve
                                                          soyutlama
                                                          sanatıdır.
                                                          Dayandığı bu
                                                          temelleri hiç
                                                          bırakmamıştır.
Postmodernizmin belirleyici nitelikleri arasında sayılan irrasyonalizm,
                                                          gerçekliğe
                                                          karşı duruş,
                                                          soyutlamayı
                                                          kabul etmeme,
                                                          mutlak
                                                          doğrunun
                                                          varlığına
                                                          inanmayış,
                                                          genellemenin
                                                          yapılamayışı
                                                          gibi
                                                          nitelemelerin
                                                          matematikle
                                                          bağdaşması söz
                                                          konusu olamaz.
                                                          Her şeyden
                                                          önce
                                                          irrasyonellik
                                                          yaftası
                                                          matematiğe
                                                          yapıştırılamaz.
                                                          Matematik, bir
                                                          aksiyomatik
                                                          sistem içinde
                                                          akıl
                                                          yürütmeyle
                                                          mutlak
                                                          doğruları
                                                          arar; o
                                                          doğruların
                                                          geçerli olduğu
                                                          en genel
                                                          yapıyı bulur.
                                                          O yapılar
                                                          içinde
                                                          doğruluğu
                                                          kanıtlanan her
                                                          önerme
                                                          (teorem),
                                                          zaman geçtikçe
                                                          doğruluğunu
                                                          asla kaybetmez
                                                          ve ilk günkü
                                                          gibi taptaze
                                                          kalır.
                                                          Örneğin,
                                                          “düzlemde bir
                                                          üçgenin iç
                                                          açılarının
                                                          toplamı 180
                                                          derecedir”
                                                          diyen teorem
                                                          her zaman
                                                          doğru kalacak,
                                                          asla
                                                          eskimeyecektir.
                                                          Bunlara benzer
                                                          örnekleri
                                                          çoğaltmak
                                                          yerine, neden
postmodernizmin matematik ile bağdaşamayacağını açıklamaya çalışmak daha
                                                          uygun
                                                          olacaktır.<br>
                                                          MÖ 4000-2000
                                                          yılları
                                                          arasında
                                                          Mezopotomya’da
                                                          ve Mısır’da
                                                          basit
                                                          aritmetik
                                                          işlemlerinin
                                                          yapıldığını ve
                                                          pratik
                                                          geometri
                                                          problemlerinin
                                                          çözüldüğünü
                                                          biliyoruz.
                                                          Daha ileri
                                                          giderek şunu
                                                          söyleyebiliriz.
                                                          1858 yılında
                                                          İskoçyalı
                                                          Rhind
                                                          tarafından
                                                          Luxor
                                                          (Mısır)’da
                                                          bulunup
                                                          İngiltere’ye
                                                          kaçırılan ve
                                                          MÖ 1650
                                                          yılında
                                                          yazılmış
                                                          olduğu
                                                          anlaşılan
                                                          Ahmes
                                                          Papirüsü’nde
                                                          çözülen
                                                          aritmetik
                                                          problemler,
                                                          15.yüzyıl
                                                          avrupasında
                                                          henüz
                                                          yapılamıyordu.
                                                          Demek ki,
                                                          Greek
                                                          geometrisini
                                                          bir yana
                                                          bırakırsak,
                                                          batı avrupa
                                                          aritmetik
                                                          işlemlerde
                                                          Mezopotamya’dan
                                                          ve Mısır’dan
                                                          3000 yıl
                                                          geridedir.
                                                          Matematik
                                                          tarihine
                                                          batılı
                                                          kaynaklardan
                                                          baktığımızda,<br>
                                                          10<br>
                                                          geometride ilk
                                                          kez akıl
                                                          yürütmeyle
                                                          (deductive
                                                          reasoning)
                                                          problem
                                                          çözümünün
                                                          Milet’de
                                                          yaşayan Thales
                                                          (MÖ 640-546)2
                                                          tarafından
                                                          ortaya
                                                          konulduğunu
                                                          görüyoruz. Bu
                                                          olgu çok
                                                          önemlidir;
                                                          çünkü, akıl
                                                          yürütme 2500
                                                          yıldır
                                                          doğru’ya
                                                          erişmek için
                                                          kullanageldiğimiz
                                                          biricik
                                                          araçtır. Bu
                                                          aracı iyi
                                                          işler hale
                                                          getiren önemli
                                                          bir olgu daha
                                                          vardır:
                                                          İki-değerli
                                                          (doğru ve
                                                          yanlış)
                                                          usbilimin
                                                          (mantık,
                                                          logic)
                                                          kurucusu
                                                          Aristoteles
                                                          (MÖ 384-322),
                                                          Organon (alet)
                                                          adlı yapıtında
                                                          14 syllogism
                                                          (usavurma
                                                          kuralı) verdi.
                                                          Bu kurallar bu
                                                          günkü biçimsel
                                                          mantığın
                                                          temelidir.
                                                          Onlar, 2000
                                                          yılı aşkın bir
                                                          zaman dilimi
                                                          içinde
                                                          insanoğlunun
                                                          düşünme ve
                                                          doğruyu bulma
                                                          eylemini
                                                          etkisi altında
                                                          tutmuştur.
                                                          Kuşkusuz, en
                                                          çok matematik
                                                          bundan
                                                          nasibini
                                                          almıştır…
                                                          Organon,
                                                          insanlığa
                                                          miras kalan en
                                                          büyük
                                                          yapıtlardan
                                                          biridir.
                                                          Mantık
                                                          kuralları
                                                          doğru ile
                                                          yanlışın
                                                          ayırdedilebilmesi
                                                          için akıl
                                                          yürütme
                                                          sürecinin
                                                          (deductive
                                                          reasoning)
                                                          nasıl
                                                          işleyeceğini
                                                          belirler.
                                                          Socrates (MÖ
                                                          469-399),
                                                          Thales’in
                                                          dedüktif
                                                          yöntemini
                                                          sosyal
                                                          alanlara
                                                          uygulamış;
                                                          iyinin,
                                                          güzel’in,
                                                          adaletin ne
                                                          olduğunu
                                                          kendine özgü
                                                          pedagojik
                                                          dille
                                                          anlatmıştır.<br>
                                                          Immanuel Kant
                                                          (1724-1804 ),
                                                          mantığın
                                                          tamamen
                                                          işlenmiş,
                                                          bitirilmiş,
                                                          sona
                                                          erdirilmiş bir
                                                          doktrin
                                                          olduğunu 1794
                                                          yılında ifade
                                                          etmiştir. Ama
                                                          Kant
                                                          yanılıyordu.
                                                          Mantığın
                                                          görkemli
                                                          dönüşü henüz
                                                          başlamamıştı.
                                                          (Kant haklı
                                                          çıksaydı,
                                                          matematik için
                                                          ve dolayısıyla
                                                          bilim için çok
                                                          yazık olurdu.)<br>
                                                          İngiliz
                                                          matematikçisi
                                                          George Boole
                                                          (1815-1864)
                                                          iki-değerli
                                                          Aristotles
                                                          mantığını
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          temellere
                                                          oturtan
                                                          simgesel
                                                          mantığı
                                                          yaratmıştır.
                                                          Buna Boole
                                                          mantığı, Boole
                                                          cebiri,
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          mantık,
                                                          simgesel
                                                          mantık, vb
                                                          adlar
                                                          verilmektedir.
                                                          Boole
                                                          mantığında bu
                                                          gün
                                                          kullandığımız
                                                          simgeleri
                                                          yaratan kişi
                                                          Ernst Schröder
(1841-1902)’dir. Akıl yürütmede kullanılan simgeler sözcüklere,
                                                          nesnelere,
                                                          duyulara bağlı
                                                          değildir.
                                                          Soyut simgeler
                                                          ve o simgeler
                                                          arasında
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          işlemler
                                                          kullanılarak
                                                          akıl yürütme
                                                          süreci
                                                          tamamlanmaktadır.
                                                          Boole
                                                          Mantığının
                                                          kullandığı
                                                          cebirsel yapı,
                                                          çevre
                                                          koşullarından,
                                                          duyulardan ve
                                                          kullanılan
                                                          dilden arınmış
                                                          olduğu için,
                                                          usa vurma
                                                          eylemi gerçek
                                                          soyutlamayı
                                                          yakalayabilmekte
                                                          ve böylece
                                                          mantığın
                                                          istediği
                                                          sağlamlığa
                                                          erişmektedir.
Unutulmamalıdır ki, uygarlık ancak düşüncelerin soyutlanması ile
                                                          kurulabilmiştir.
                                                          Bu nedenle,
                                                          soyutlamadan
                                                          kaçıp somuta
                                                          sığınan
                                                          postmodernizm,
                                                          soyut
                                                          düşüncelere
                                                          dayalı
                                                          matematiğe
                                                          bulaşamaz.<br>
                                                          İskenderiye
                                                          okulunda
                                                          yetişen Öklit
                                                          (MÖ 430-360),
                                                          kendi adıyla
                                                          anılan
                                                          geometrinin
                                                          belitlerini
                                                          (axiom)
                                                          koymuştur.
                                                          “Elementler”
                                                          adıyla yazdığı
                                                          11 ciltlik
                                                          eser, aynen
                                                          Organon gibi,
                                                          insanlığa
                                                          bırakılan
                                                          büyük
                                                          miraslardan
                                                          birisidir ve
                                                          iddia
                                                          edildiğine
                                                          göre İncil’den
                                                          sonra en çok
                                                          okunan
                                                          kitaptır.
                                                          Öklit
                                                          geometrisi o
                                                          kadar
                                                          önemlidir ki,
                                                          20.yüzyılın
                                                          yarısına kadar
                                                          bütün
                                                          okullarda
                                                          vazgeçilemez
                                                          bir ders
                                                          olarak yerini
                                                          korumuştur.<br>
                                                          Öklit’in
                                                          5-inci beliti,
                                                          “bir doğruya
                                                          dışındaki bir
                                                          noktadan bir
                                                          ve yalnızca
                                                          bir paralel
                                                          çizilir” der.
                                                          Bu belit,
                                                          içinde
                                                          yaşadığımız
                                                          3-boyutlu
                                                          uzayda duyu<br>
                                                          2 Ne yazık ki
                                                          Anadolu
                                                          uygarlıklarını
                                                          yaratan ünlü
                                                          filozoflara
                                                          sahip
                                                          çıkamıyoruz.
                                                          Neden Milet’te
                                                          bir Tales
                                                          akademimiz,
                                                          Perge’de bir
                                                          Apolyonus
                                                          akademimiz,
                                                          Assos’ta bir
                                                          Aristo
                                                          akademimiz
                                                          yoktur?<br>
                                                          11<br>
                                                          organlarımızın
                                                          hemen
                                                          sezinlediği
                                                          bir algıdır.
                                                          2000 yıl
                                                          boyunca
                                                          dünyanın en
                                                          akıllı
                                                          adamları bu
                                                          basit sezgiyi
                                                          ispat etmeye
                                                          uğraştılar,
                                                          ancak
                                                          başaramadılar.
                                                          Ama, evrenin
                                                          gizleri duyu
                                                          organlarımızın
                                                          algıladıkları
                                                          ile sınırlı
                                                          değildir.
                                                          Algılarımızın
                                                          ötesine geçmek
                                                          için aklımızı
                                                          ve soyutlamayı
                                                          kullanırız.
                                                          Böyle yapan
                                                          Nikolai
                                                          Lobachevsky
                                                          (1792-1856)
                                                          1826 yılında
                                                          5-inci
                                                          postulatı
                                                          yadsıyan bir
                                                          geometri
                                                          kurdu.
                                                          Lobachevsky’nin
                                                          devrim yaratan
                                                          bu buluşuna
                                                          hiperbolik
                                                          geometri
                                                          diyoruz. Bu
                                                          geometri,
                                                          Öklit
                                                          geometrisinin
                                                          5-inci
                                                          postulatı
                                                          dışındaki
                                                          postulatları
                                                          aynen kabul
                                                          eder. 5-inci
                                                          postulat
                                                          yerine<br>
                                                          “Bir doğruya
                                                          dışındaki bir
                                                          noktadan
                                                          birden çok
                                                          paralel
                                                          çizilebilir.”<br>
                                                          postulatını
                                                          koyar. Sonuç
                                                          olarak, bu
                                                          geometride bir
                                                          üçgenin iç
                                                          açıları
                                                          toplamı 180
                                                          dereceden
                                                          küçük olur.
                                                          Benzer olarak,
                                                          Riemann<br>
                                                          “Bir doğruya
                                                          dışındaki bir
                                                          noktadan hiç
                                                          bir paralel
                                                          çizilemez”<br>
                                                          diyerek
                                                          küresel
                                                          geometriyi
                                                          kurdu. Bu
                                                          geometride bir
                                                          üçgenin iç
                                                          açıları
                                                          toplamı 180
                                                          dereceden
                                                          büyük olur.<br>
                                                          Hiperbolik ve
                                                          küresel
                                                          geometrilerde
                                                          böyle oluşu,
                                                          Öklit
                                                          geometrisinde
                                                          üçgenin iç
                                                          açılarının
                                                          toplamının 180
                                                          derece
                                                          olduğunu
                                                          söyleyen
                                                          yasanın
                                                          yanlışlanması
                                                          anlamına
                                                          gelmiyor.
                                                          Çünkü, Öklit
                                                          Geometrisi,
                                                          Hiperbolik
                                                          Geometri ve
                                                          Küresel
                                                          Geometri
                                                          birbirlerinden
                                                          farklı üç
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          sistemdir. Her
                                                          sistemin
                                                          doğru’ları
                                                          ancak o sistem
                                                          içinde
                                                          geçerlidir.
                                                          Böyle oluşu,
                                                          postmodernizmin
                                                          iddia ettiği
                                                          gibi, mutlak
                                                          “doğru”nun
                                                          olmadığı
                                                          anlamına
                                                          gelemez.
                                                          Matematik her
                                                          sistemde
                                                          geçerli olan
                                                          ortak evrensel
                                                          doğruların
                                                          peşinde
                                                          değildir.
                                                          Belirli
                                                          postülatlara
                                                          dayanarak
                                                          kurduğu bir
                                                          aksiyomatik
                                                          sistemdeki
                                                          doğruları
                                                          arar. O
                                                          doğrular, söz
                                                          konusu system
                                                          içinde
                                                          evrensel ve
                                                          mutlak
                                                          doğrulardır.
                                                          Esasında,
                                                          mantığı red
                                                          ettiğine göre,
postmodernizmde doğru ya da yanlış diye bir şeyden söz edilemez.<br>
                                                          Bazılarına
                                                          göre, kenar
                                                          uzunluğu 1
                                                          birim olan
                                                          karenin
                                                          köşegeninin
                                                          hesaplanamayışını,
                                                          yarıçapı 1
                                                          birim olan
                                                          çemberin
                                                          çevresinin
                                                          hesaplanamayışını
                                                          matematikte
                                                          bir
                                                          tutarsızlığın
                                                          olduğuna ya da
                                                          matematiğin
                                                          sanıldığı
                                                          kadar sağlam<br>
                                                          12<br>
                                                          olmayışına
                                                          yormak
                                                          isterler3. Her
                                                          iki problem,
                                                          gene dünyanın
                                                          en akıllı
                                                          insanlarını
                                                          2000 yıldan
                                                          fazla
                                                          uğraştıran
                                                          problemlerdendir.
                                                          Problemin
                                                          çözümü için
                                                          ortaya konulan
                                                          yöntemler,
                                                          insan aklının
                                                          eriştiği
                                                          dorukların
                                                          göstergesidir.
                                                          Bu ve benzeri
                                                          problemlerin
                                                          çözülemeyiş
                                                          nedeni artık
                                                          çok iyi
                                                          biliniyor.
                                                          İrrasyonel
                                                          sayıların
                                                          bilinmediği
                                                          zamanlarda, bu
                                                          problemlere
                                                          rasyonal
                                                          sayılar
                                                          kümesinde
                                                          çözüm
                                                          aranıyordu.
                                                          Çözüm
                                                          irrasyonel
                                                          sayılar
                                                          kümesinde
                                                          olduğuna göre,
                                                          onun rasyonel
                                                          sayılar kümesi
                                                          içinde
                                                          bulunamamasından
                                                          daha doğal ne
                                                          olabilir?
                                                          Julius Wilhelm
                                                          Richard
                                                          Dedekind
                                                          (1831-1916),
                                                          irrasyonel
                                                          sayıları
                                                          kurup4
                                                          rasyonel
                                                          sayılara
                                                          katarak gerçel
                                                          (real) sayılar
                                                          kümesini
                                                          oluşturunca
                                                          2000 yıl
                                                          çözülemeyen
                                                          sorular hemen
                                                          çözülüverdi.<br>
Postmodernizmin eleştiri konularından birisi de sonsuz kavramıdır.
                                                          Sonsuz,
                                                          antik-çağ
                                                          matematikcilerinin
                                                          eksikliğini
                                                          sezdikleri ama
                                                          ussal bilgiye
dönüştüremedikleri önemli bir kavramdır. 17. ve 18. yüzyılda, fiziksel
                                                          olayların
                                                          açıklanabilmesi
                                                          için ortaya
                                                          atılan sonsuz
                                                          küçükler
                                                          (infinitesimal)
                                                          hesabı, bu
                                                          yöndeki büyük
                                                          bir adımdır.
                                                          20. yüzyıl
                                                          başlarında
                                                          ussal ve
                                                          sistemli
                                                          bilgiler
                                                          disiplini
                                                          olarak ortaya
                                                          konan
                                                          sonsuzluk
                                                          kavramı, 6000
                                                          yıllık
                                                          matematikte
                                                          gerçekleşen en
                                                          büyük
                                                          aşamadır, en
                                                          büyük
                                                          devrimdir!...
                                                          Sonsuzun
                                                          doğuşunu
                                                          sağlayan
                                                          etmenlerden
                                                          biri olan
                                                          limit
                                                          kavramının,
                                                          dört işleme
                                                          eklenen
                                                          beşinci bir
                                                          işlem olarak
                                                          matematiğe
                                                          girişi,
                                                          “analiz”
                                                          adıyla anılan
                                                          büyük ve
                                                          önemli bir
                                                          bilim dalını
                                                          doğurmuştur.
                                                          Analizin
                                                          doğuşunu ve
                                                          gelişimini
                                                          sağlayan
                                                          zorlayıcı
                                                          etmenlerin
                                                          başında fizik
                                                          gelir. Klasik
                                                          fiziğin hemen
                                                          her
                                                          probleminin
                                                          çözümü,
                                                          analizin bilgi
                                                          sınırlarını
                                                          zorlamış ve
                                                          onu gelişmeye
                                                          itmiştir.
                                                          Bugün klasik
                                                          fizikte doğa
                                                          olaylarının
                                                          açıklanması,
                                                          analiz bilim
                                                          dalının kesin
                                                          egemenliği
                                                          altındadır.
                                                          Benzer olgu,
                                                          çağdaş fizik
                                                          için de
                                                          olmaktadır.
                                                          Klasik fiziğin
çözümleyemediği bazı doğa olaylarının açıklanabilmesi için yeni
                                                          kuramlara
                                                          gerekseme
                                                          duyulmuştur.
                                                          Bu yöndeki
                                                          çabalar
                                                          sonunda,
                                                          1924-28
                                                          yılları
                                                          arasında
                                                          Kuantum Fiziği
                                                          kurulmuştur.
                                                          Bu yeni
                                                          kuramın
                                                          temelleri de
                                                          adına “Çağdaş
                                                          Analiz” ya da
                                                          “Fonksiyonel
                                                          Analiz”denilen
                                                          matematik
                                                          dalının ortaya
                                                          çıkmasını
                                                          sağlamıştır.
                                                          Bu gelişim,
                                                          doğa
                                                          olaylarının
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          modellerle
                                                          temsiline yeni
                                                          ve önemli bir
                                                          örnek
                                                          olmuştur.
                                                          Işığın dalga
                                                          hareketiyle
                                                          mi, yoksa
                                                          parçacık
                                                          halinde mi
                                                          yayıldığı
                                                          sorusu, geçen
                                                          yüzyılın
                                                          başlarında
                                                          fizikçileri
                                                          karşı karşıya
                                                          getiren önemli
                                                          bir soruydu?
                                                          Çünkü, ışığın
                                                          yayılışını
                                                          Schrödinger’in
                                                          Dalga Mekaniği
                                                          Kuramı ile
                                                          Heisenberg’in
                                                          Matris
                                                          Mekaniği
                                                          Kuramı farklı
                                                          biçimlerde ama
                                                          doğru olarak
                                                          açıklıyorlardı.
                                                          Fiziğin bu
                                                          önemli
                                                          problemine,
                                                          “Fonksiyonel
                                                          Analiz” bilim
                                                          dalı, mükemmel
                                                          ve zarif bir
                                                          çözüm
                                                          getirmiştir:
                                                          Schrödinger’in
                                                          kuramı L²-<br>
                                                          3 Bkz. Alan
                                                          Woods-Ted
                                                          Grant, Aklın
                                                          İsyanı:
                                                          Marksist
                                                          Felsefe ve
                                                          Modern Bilim,
                                                          Tarih Bilinci
                                                          yayınevi<br>
                                                          4 İrrasyonel
                                                          sayıların
                                                          varlığının
                                                          sezilmesinin,
                                                          MÖ 700
                                                          yıllarındaki
                                                          Hint
                                                          Matematiğine
                                                          dek geri
                                                          gittiği
                                                          söylenir.
                                                          Ancak, formal
                                                          cebirsel
                                                          kuruluşunu
                                                          Dedekind
                                                          yapmıştır.<br>
                                                          13<br>
                                                          fonksiyon
                                                          uzayı içine,
                                                          Heisenberg’in
                                                          kuramı ise
                                                          l²-dizi uzayı
                                                          içine
                                                          yerleştirilmekte
                                                          ve bu modeller
                                                          içinde
                                                          açıklanmaktadır.
                                                          İki kuramın
                                                          farklı
                                                          görüntüsü
                                                          buradan
                                                          gelmektedir.
                                                          Ama, bu iki
                                                          uzay,
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          açıdan
                                                          yapıları
                                                          biribirlerine
                                                          denk olan iki
                                                          uzaydır.
                                                          Dolayısıyla
                                                          iki kuram
                                                          birbirine
                                                          denktir. Bu
                                                          örnek
                                                          gösteriyor ki,
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          yapılar reel
                                                          dünyanın
                                                          kendisi değil,
                                                          reel dünyayı
                                                          açıklamaya
                                                          yarayan soyut
                                                          evrenler
                                                          (uzaylar,
                                                          modeller) dir.
Postmodernizmin istediği gibi, sonlu’da kalırsak doğayı anlayamayız.
                                                          Çünkü, doğa
                                                          olaylarının
                                                          hiçbirisi
                                                          discrete ve
                                                          sonlu
                                                          değildir.
                                                          Sonsuz
                                                          kavramını
                                                          dışladığımız
                                                          zaman, doğa
                                                          olaylarını
                                                          açıklama
                                                          yeteneğimizi
                                                          ve bilgimizi
                                                          yitirmiş
                                                          oluruz.<br>
                                                          Aritmetiğin
                                                          Temelleri<br>
                                                          Matematiğe
                                                          yöneltilen
                                                          eleştirilerden
                                                          birisi de Kurt
                                                          Gödel’in 1931
                                                          yılında
                                                          kanıtladığı
                                                          Eksiklik
                                                          Teoremidir.
                                                          Konuyu iyi
                                                          kavrayamayanlar,
                                                          bu teoremin
                                                          matematiğe
                                                          karşı duyulan
                                                          sarsılmaz
                                                          güveni ciddi
                                                          olarak
                                                          sarstığını
                                                          sanırlar. Bu
                                                          işin aslını
                                                          biraz açmakta
                                                          yarar vardır:<br>
                                                          Bir M
                                                          matematik
                                                          sisteminde iki
                                                          nitelik
                                                          ararız.<br>
                                                          1. Tamlık
                                                          (completeness):
                                                          İçindeki her
                                                          teorem
                                                          kanıtlanabiliyorsa
                                                          sistem tamdır.
                                                          Başka bir
                                                          deyişle,
                                                          sistemdeki her
                                                          p önermesi
                                                          için ya ‘p
                                                          doğrudur’ ya
                                                          da ‘p
                                                          yanlıştır’
                                                          teoremlerinden
                                                          biri
                                                          kanıtlanabiliyorsa
                                                          M sistemi
                                                          tamdır.<br>
                                                          2. Tutarlılık
(çelişkisizlik, consistency): M sistemindeki her p önermesi için ya “p
                                                          doğrudur” ya
                                                          da “p
                                                          yanlıştır”
                                                          teoremlerinden
                                                          ancak birisi
                                                          geçerliyse M
                                                          sistemi
                                                          tutarlı, her
                                                          ikisi aynı
                                                          anda varsa M
                                                          sistemi
                                                          tutarsızdır.<br>
                                                          1931 yılında
                                                          Kurt Gödel
                                                          (1906-1978),
                                                          eksiklik
                                                          teoremi adıyla
                                                          bilinen şu
                                                          teoremi
                                                          kanıtladı.
                                                          “Yeterince
                                                          büyük tutarlı
                                                          bir sistem
                                                          içinde doğru
                                                          olduğu halde
                                                          kanıtlanamayan
                                                          önermeler
                                                          (teoremler)
                                                          vardır.” Bu
                                                          teorem,
                                                          sistemin işe
                                                          yaramaz olduğu
                                                          anlamına
                                                          gelmiyor. Bunu
                                                          daha iyi
                                                          anlayabilmek
                                                          için, Turing
                                                          makinasına
                                                          bakalım. Alan
                                                          Mathison
                                                          Turing
                                                          (1912-1954),
                                                          matematikte
                                                          çözümü olan
                                                          her problemi
                                                          çözecek
                                                          mekanik bir
                                                          aletin olup
                                                          olamayacağını
                                                          düşündü. Adına
                                                          mekanik makina
                                                          diyoruz, ama o
                                                          gerçekte bir
                                                          demir yığını
                                                          tasarlamadı.
                                                          Turing, bu
                                                          günkü
                                                          bilgisayarların
                                                          çalışma
                                                          ilkelerine çok
                                                          benzeyen bir
                                                          yöntemle,
                                                          çözümü
                                                          gerçekte var
                                                          olan bütün
                                                          problemleri
                                                          çözen mekanik
                                                          bir makinanın
                                                          (daha doğrusu
                                                          bir
                                                          algoritmanın)
                                                          var
                                                          olamayacağını
                                                          kanıtladı
                                                          (1936). Bu
                                                          sonuç, farklı
                                                          bir yaklaşımla
                                                          Gödel’i
                                                          doğrulamaktadır.
                                                          Daha sonra,
                                                          G.Chaitin,
                                                          tutarlı bir
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          sistem içinde
kanıtlanabilecek teoremlerin en çok sayılabilir sonsuz çoklukta olduğunu<br>
                                                          14<br>
                                                          kanıtladı.
                                                          Bunu daha açık
                                                          söylersek,
                                                          tutarlı bir
                                                          sistemde
                                                          sayılamayan
                                                          sonsuz
                                                          çoklukta doğru
                                                          önerme varsa,
                                                          biz ancak
                                                          onların
                                                          sayılabilir
                                                          sonsuz
                                                          tanesini
                                                          kanıtlayabiliriz.
                                                          Ötekiler doğru
                                                          olmaya devam
                                                          ederler. Bunu
                                                          iyi bilinen
                                                          bir örneğe
                                                          benzetelim.
                                                          Gerçel (real)
                                                          sayılar kümesi
                                                          sayılamaz
                                                          sonsuz
                                                          çokluktadır.
                                                          Biz onu birer
                                                          birer saymaya
                                                          kalkarsak,
                                                          onun içinden
                                                          ancak
                                                          sayılabilir
                                                          sonsuz
                                                          tanesini
                                                          (rasyonel
                                                          sayılar
                                                          kadarını)
                                                          sayabiliriz.
                                                          Geride
                                                          kalanları
                                                          (irrasyonel
                                                          sayılar
                                                          kadarını)
                                                          sayamayız; ama
                                                          onlar gerçel
                                                          sayı kümesinde
                                                          varlıklarını
                                                          sürdürürler.
                                                          Kurt Gödel’in
                                                          eksiklik
                                                          teoremi buna
                                                          benzer.
                                                          Yeterine büyük
                                                          (sayılamaz
                                                          sonsuz
                                                          çoklukta doğru
                                                          önerme içeren)
                                                          bir sistemde,
                                                          biz ancak
                                                          onların
                                                          sayılabilir
                                                          sonsuz
                                                          tanesini
                                                          kanıtlayabiliriz.
                                                          Ama geride
                                                          kalanlar doğru
                                                          önerme olma
                                                          niteliklerini
                                                          yitirmezler.
                                                          Bu sonuç,
                                                          sonsuzun
                                                          olağanüstü
                                                          özelliklerinden
                                                          birisidir.<br>
                                                          Belirsizlik
                                                          (uncertainty)<br>
Postmoderncilerin çok sevdiği kavramlardan birisi “belirsizlik”dir.
                                                          İki-değerli
                                                          mantıkta
                                                          belirsizlik
                                                          olamaz. Orada
                                                          bir önerme ya
                                                          doğru ya da
                                                          yanlış’tır.
                                                          Oysa, gerçek
                                                          yaşamda
                                                          önermeler hem
                                                          doğru, hem
                                                          yanlış ya da
                                                          biraz doğru,
                                                          biraz yanlış
                                                          olabilir. Daha
                                                          ötesi,
                                                          gözlemlere
                                                          dayalı
                                                          önermelerin
                                                          doğruluğu
                                                          belli bir
                                                          olasılık
                                                          katsayısına
                                                          bağlıdır.
                                                          M.Ö.400 lü
                                                          yıllardan
                                                          beri, doğru ve
                                                          yanlış
                                                          arasında bir
                                                          şeylerin daha
                                                          olması
                                                          gerektiği
                                                          seziliyordu.
                                                          Çünkü
                                                          iki-değerli
                                                          mantığın
                                                          çatışkılar
                                                          (paradox)
                                                          yarattığı da
                                                          görülüyordu.
                                                          Bu sorunu
                                                          aşmak için
                                                          çalışanlar
                                                          arasında
                                                          Polonyalı Jan
                                                          Lukasiewicz
                                                          (1878 – 1956)
                                                          anılmalıdır.
                                                          Lukasiewicz
                                                          geçen yüzyılın
                                                          başında
                                                          çok-değerli
                                                          mantığı kurdu.
                                                          Önce doğru ve
                                                          yanlış arasına
                                                          bir ara-değer
                                                          (bilirsiz
                                                          değer, nötr)
                                                          koyarak
                                                          üç-değerli
                                                          mantığı
                                                          belitsel
                                                          biçimde ortaya
                                                          koydu. Bu
                                                          sistem
                                                          iki-değerli
                                                          mantığı
                                                          kapsayan daha
                                                          genel bir
                                                          sistem oldu.
                                                          Ama bu işin üç
                                                          değerle
                                                          kısıtlanamayacağı,
                                                          sonsuz-değerli
                                                          mantığa
                                                          geçişin
                                                          doğallığı da
                                                          ortaya
                                                          çıkıyordu.<br>
                                                          Fuzzy Mantığı<br>
                                                          Doğa
                                                          olaylarını
                                                          açıklamak için
                                                          kullandığımız
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          yöntemlerin ve
                                                          modellerin
                                                          yararı, gücü
                                                          ve heybeti
                                                          tartışılamaz.
                                                          Ancak,
                                                          matematiğin
                                                          kesin
                                                          deterministik
                                                          niteliğinin
                                                          günlük yaşama
                                                          çoğunlukla
                                                          uymaması,
                                                          yüzyıllar
                                                          boyunca bilim
                                                          adamlarını ve
                                                          düşünürleri
                                                          uğraştırmıştır.
                                                          Matematiksel
                                                          temsiller,
                                                          evrenin
                                                          karmaşıklığı
                                                          ve
                                                          sınırsızlığı
                                                          karşısında
                                                          daima yetersiz
                                                          ve çok yapay
                                                          kalmaktadır.
                                                          Bu nedenle,
                                                          doğa
                                                          olaylarını
                                                          açıklarken,
                                                          çoğunlukla,
                                                          kesinliği
                                                          (exactness -
                                                          certainty)
                                                          değil,
                                                          belirsizliği
                                                          (vagueness -
                                                          uncertainty)
                                                          kullanırız.
                                                          Doğal diller,
                                                          doğal
                                                          kavramları
                                                          açıklamakta
                                                          çoğunlukla
                                                          matematiksel
                                                          modellerden
                                                          daha
                                                          etkilidir.
                                                          1965 yılında
                                                          Lotfi Zadeh
                                                          ilk cesur
                                                          adımı attı ve
                                                          fuzzy
                                                          kümelerini ve
                                                          fuzzy
                                                          mantığını
                                                          tanımladı.
                                                          Daha sonra,
                                                          belirsizliği
                                                          belirli
                                                          kılabilmek
                                                          için
                                                          soft-sets,
                                                          hard-sets gibi
                                                          kavramlar
                                                          ortaya
                                                          konuldu.<br>
                                                          Bütün bunlar
                                                          henüz emekleme
dönemindedirler. Hiç birisi iki-değeri mantığa dayalı matematiğin
                                                          olasılıkla
                                                          yaptığı işten
                                                          fazlasını,
                                                          belirsizliği<br>
                                                          15<br>
                                                          belirlemek
                                                          için
                                                          yapamıyor.
                                                          Bunlar
                                                          arasında en
                                                          eskisi ve en
                                                          yaygını olan
                                                          Fuzzy
                                                          sistemleri,
                                                          klâsik
                                                          matematiğin
                                                          çözemediği hiç
                                                          bir problemi
                                                          çözemedi. Bu
                                                          yöndeki
                                                          gelişmelerin
                                                          bir işe
                                                          yarayıp
                                                          yaramadığını
                                                          zaman
                                                          gösterecektir.
                                                          Şimdilik
                                                          Aristo
                                                          mantığını
                                                          terketmek için
                                                          bir neden
                                                          görünmüyor.
                                                          Belirsizliği,
                                                          olasılık
                                                          kuramıyla
                                                          istediğimiz
                                                          duyarlıkta
                                                          belirleyebiliyoruz.
                                                          Bu günün
                                                          teknolojisi
                                                          için bu kadarı
                                                          fazlasıyla
                                                          yetiyor.<br>
                                                          Son söz
                                                          olarak,
                                                          matematik ile
postmodernizmin asla bağdaşamayacağını yinelemekle yetinelim.<br>
                                                          </p>
::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::<wbr>::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::<wbr>::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::<wbr>:::::::::<br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          <div
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825moz-cite-prefix">30.11.2016
                                                          16:41
                                                          tarihinde
                                                          yilmaz
                                                          akyildiz
                                                          yazdı:<br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          type="cite">
                                                          <div dir="ltr">
                                                          <div>anılaaar
                                                          anılar...</div>
                                                          <div>madem ki
                                                          bu ekranda
                                                          "kel alakalar"
                                                          a da yer var</div>
                                                          <div>alın size
                                                          "kelaynak" ben
                                                          den bazı
                                                          hatıralar:</div>
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>Netekim
                                                          kenan Evren
                                                          darbe yapınca
                                                          ben Kaddafi
                                                          nin sosyalist
                                                          Libya sına
                                                          tüydüm. Baktim
                                                          ODTÜ
                                                          Elektrikten
                                                          (artık o da
                                                          rahmetli, evet
                                                          o da alkolle
                                                          intihar etti)
                                                          Circuit Theory
                                                          hocam
                                                          "gominist"
                                                          Yurdakul
                                                          Ceyhun da
                                                          orda, (Resim
                                                          1). Dahası
                                                          ODTÜ yü
                                                          darmadağın
                                                          eden faşist
                                                          rektör Hasan
                                                          Tan da orda
                                                          değilmi? Bu
                                                          iki politik
                                                          kutup
                                                          ortasında da
                                                          ismini eminim
                                                          duyduğunuz
                                                          astrofizikçi
                                                          Osman Demircan
                                                          var. Bir
                                                          duydum Osman
                                                          bir matematik
                                                          kitabı
                                                          yazıyormuş,
                                                          fizikdeki
                                                          integraller
                                                          hakkında.
                                                          Görmek
                                                          istememe
                                                          rağmen o
                                                          kitabı hala
                                                          edinemedim.
                                                          Ben de o
                                                          arada, son
                                                          ODTÜ Rektörlük
                                                          seçimi
                                                          ortamında
                                                          "intihal"
                                                          olduğu iddiası
                                                          ile
                                                          yazarlarından
                                                          birisine karşı
                                                          politik silah
                                                          olarak
                                                          kullanılan
                                                          (yeni akit
                                                          gazetesindeki
                                                          haber)
                                                          Diferasiyel
                                                          Denklemler
                                                          kitabının
                                                          Laplace
                                                          kısmını
                                                          yazmakla
                                                          meşguldüm.
                                                          Diğer taraftan
                                                          da
                                                          mühendislere
                                                          DE, Lin Alg,
                                                          Cx Analiz
                                                          derslerini
                                                          veriyorum,
                                                          (Matematik
                                                          Bölümü yok).
                                                          İkinci resimde
                                                          öğrencilerimle
                                                          çölde bir
                                                          piknikdeyiz,
                                                          (benim
                                                          yazılarım
                                                          resimsiz
                                                          olmaz!). Ofis
                                                          saatlerime
                                                          daha çok kız
                                                          öğrencilerim
                                                          geliyorlar ve
                                                          matematikden
                                                          çok benimle
                                                          sohbeti
                                                          seviyorlar.
                                                          Bir tanesini
                                                          unutamam:
                                                          "gençken
                                                          evlendim, 2
                                                          çocuk
                                                          doğurduktan
                                                          sonra
                                                          gördüğünüz
                                                          gibi
                                                          şişmanladım,
                                                          kocam (o da
                                                          öğrenci imiş)
                                                          artık bana
                                                          bakmıyor,
                                                          hafta sonları
                                                          Malta ya
                                                          gidiyor.."
                                                           Daha sonra
                                                          öğrendim ki
                                                          Kaddafi
                                                          yazları bütün
                                                          öğrencilerin
                                                          cebine döviz
                                                          koyuyor ve
                                                          bilhassa (o
                                                          zamanlar demir
                                                          perde arkası)
                                                          avrupa
                                                          ülkelerine
                                                          gönderiyor. </div>
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>Aradan 8
                                                          sene geçmiş,
                                                          1982 de o
                                                          zamanki eşimle
                                                          Varşovada ICM
Toplantısındayız, (3. Resimde, kendisini Berkeleyden iyi tanıdığım,
                                                          benim bir
                                                          sınıf
                                                          üzerimde, o
                                                          senenin Yau
                                                          ile Field
                                                          Medalisti
                                                          William
                                                          Thurston u son
                                                          gördüğümde
                                                          kendi
                                                          kameramdan
                                                          çekilmiş
                                                          resmi, çok
                                                          erken
                                                          kaybettiğimiz
                                                          büyük
                                                          topologist,
                                                          Perelman
                                                          Poincare yi
                                                          onsuz
                                                          çözemezdi,
                                                          Bill in
                                                          enteresan bir
                                                          resmini de
                                                          internetden
                                                          kopyalıyorum:
                                                          Resim 4). Bir
                                                          akşam eşimle
                                                          bira içmek
                                                          istedik.
                                                          Barımsı bir
                                                          yere girdik.
                                                          Bekle babam
                                                          bekle, bize
                                                          uğramıyor
                                                          garson.
                                                          Sonunda olayı
                                                          çaktık ve
                                                          rüşvet vererek
                                                          biramıza
                                                          kavuşabildik,
                                                          (gominist
                                                          rejim, daha ne
                                                          olsun...) O
                                                          gece bir de
                                                          aynı yerde iki
                                                          çingene orta
                                                          yerde öyle bir
                                                          kavga ettiler
                                                          ki anlatamam.
                                                          Danışıklımıydı
                                                          dövüşleri
                                                          yoksa çokmu
                                                          sarhoştular
                                                          pek
                                                          anlayamadık,
                                                          ama o
                                                          manzarayı da
                                                          unutamadık. </div>
                                                          <div>Ertesi
                                                          gün rahat
                                                          rahat kavgasız
                                                          rüşvetsiz
                                                          nerde bira
                                                          içeriz
                                                          öğrendik:
                                                          Barış Kendirli
                                                          ve Mehmet Can
                                                          hocaların
                                                          bahsettikleri
                                                          Grand Hotel!
                                                          Atladık
                                                          gittik. </div>
                                                          <div>Aman
                                                          allahım,
                                                          Mehmet Can
                                                          hoca ne kadar
                                                          haklı, ben
                                                          hayatımda daha
                                                          güzel kızlar
                                                          bir de Moskova
                                                          da turistlerin
                                                          kaldığı otelde
                                                          gördüm.
                                                          Biralarımızı
                                                          ısmarladık
                                                          güzelleri
                                                          seyrediyoruz
                                                          pazarlık
                                                          yaparlarken. O
                                                          da ne? Benim
                                                          Libyalı
                                                          öğrencilerim
                                                          takım
                                                          halindeler.
                                                          Kaddafi den
                                                          cepler bol,
                                                          pazarlık dahi
                                                          etmiyorlar.
                                                          Beni de
                                                          unutmamışlar,
                                                          biralarımızı
                                                          onlar
                                                          ödediler... </div>
                                                          <div><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>Not: işbu
                                                          yazım Timur
                                                          Hocanın
                                                          "yazmalısın!"
                                                          dediği yazı
                                                          değildir.
                                                          Kastettği yazı
                                                          zaten yazıldı,
                                                          2 senedir
                                                          arşivimde
                                                          beklemededir. <br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_extra"><br>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_quote">2016-11-30
                                                          13:39
                                                          GMT+03:00
                                                          yilmaz
                                                          akyildiz <span
                                                          dir="ltr"><<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:yilmaz.akyildiz@gmail.com"
                                                          target="_blank">yilmaz.akyildiz@gmail.com</a>></span>:<br>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid
                                                          rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
                                                          <div dir="ltr">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">kel
                                                          alaka</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Timur
                                                          hoca nın
                                                          mesajına olan
                                                          2 yoruma da..</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">artık
                                                          bu milletin,
                                                          matematikçileri
                                                          de dahil,  </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">kafayı
sıyırttıklarına gerçekten inanır oldum</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">ve
                                                          kendimden de
                                                          şüphelenmeye
                                                          başladım...!</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Kimse
                                                          de merak
                                                          etmiyor ki
                                                          Timur Hoca
                                                          yılmaz a neden
                                                          neyi
                                                          "yazmalısın!"
diyor/istiyor...</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small"><br>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Madem
                                                          ki anılardan
                                                          bahsediyor son
                                                          yorum,</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">ben
                                                          de Vaşova 1982
                                                          ICM
                                                          Toplantısından
                                                          2 resim
                                                          ekliyorum. 2.
                                                          resimde Yusuf
                                                          Avcı da var ve
                                                          en sağdaki çok
                                                          kıymetli nazik
                                                          insan artık
                                                          rahmetli. İlk
                                                          ve son görüşüm
                                                          idi. İsmini
                                                          dahi
                                                          hatırlıyamıyorum
                                                          şu an, ama
                                                          tanıyanlar
                                                          bilir. Aslı
                                                          Denizli den
                                                          Robert mezunu
                                                          ve Boğaziçin
                                                          de de hocalık
                                                          yapmış ender
                                                          güzel bir
                                                          insan.
                                                          Amerikada
                                                          hocalık
                                                          yaparken
                                                          yalnız
                                                          yaşadığı
                                                          evinde (ev
                                                          değil sanki
                                                          kütüphane) bir
                                                          sabah hayata
                                                          veda etmiş
                                                          bulundu. </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Ve
                                                          madem ki
                                                          anılardır
                                                          mevzu bahis
                                                          ben de size
                                                          bir Cuma günü
                                                          öğle namazı
                                                          sonrası Riyad
                                                          Meydanındaki
                                                          izlenimlerimi
                                                          anlatayım:</div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">Cuma
                                                          cemaati
                                                          dağılmış ve
                                                          bir itfaiye
                                                          arabası
                                                          meydanı
                                                          basınçlı
                                                          sularla
                                                          temizliyor,
                                                          yerde kanlar
                                                          vardı,
                                                          gözlerimle
                                                          gördüm. Sordum
                                                          nedir olay,
                                                          dediler
                                                          "Filipinli
                                                          (gariban
                                                          olmalı)
                                                          birisinin
                                                          kafasını
                                                          kestiler. Suçu
                                                          yanında
                                                          çalıştığı
                                                          ailenin
                                                          parasını
                                                          çalmak"... Ben
                                                          inanmadım,
                                                          orada çalışan
                                                          Filipinlileri
                                                          tanıdım, çok
                                                          medeni sakin
                                                          çalışkan
                                                          insanlar. Ama
                                                          Krallık kendi
                                                          halkına göz
                                                          dağı vermek
                                                          için arada bir
                                                          kan akıtma
                                                          ihtiyacını
                                                          duyar. Kendi
                                                          halkına
                                                          dokunmaz,
                                                          gelsin ordan
                                                          bir gariban...
                                                          Hintli ye
                                                          dokunamaz
                                                          çünkü Ghandi
                                                          nin Hindistanı
                                                          var. Paki ye
                                                          dokunmaz
                                                          müslüman.
                                                          Arada bir türk
                                                          kestiği de
                                                          olmuştur ama
                                                          en kolayı
                                                          amerikan
                                                          güdümündeki
                                                          Filipinlerden
                                                          getirin bir
                                                          kurban. </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">siz
                                                          kalın
                                                          sağlıcaklan..</div>
                                                          <span
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825HOEnZb"><font
color="#888888">
                                                          <div
                                                          style="font-family:"comic
                                                          sans
                                                          ms",sans-serif;font-size:small">y.a.</div>
                                                          </font></span></div>
                                                          <div
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825HOEnZb">
                                                          <div
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825h5">
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_extra"><br>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_quote">2016-11-30
                                                          13:13
                                                          GMT+03:00
                                                          Baris Kendirli
                                                          <span
                                                          dir="ltr"><<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:baris.kendirli@gmail.com"
                                                          target="_blank">baris.kendirli@gmail.com</a>></span>:<br>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid
                                                          rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
                                                          <div dir="ltr"> 
                                                             Sene 1968,
                                                          Varşova'da bir
                                                          yıllık bir
                                                          matematik
                                                          kursuna
                                                          katılmıştım.
                                                          Bir akşam
                                                          Münevver
                                                          Borzecka
                                                          hanımefendinin
                                                          yemeğindeydim.
                                                          Birden Mehmet
                                                          kahkaha atarak
                                                          Çetin Altan'ın
                                                          bir yazısını
                                                          bana gösterdi.
                                                          Çetin Altan bu
                                                          yazısında
                                                          Sosyalist
                                                          ülkelerde
                                                          kesinlikle
                                                          "prostitute"
                                                          olamıyacağını
                                                          iddia
                                                          ediyordu.Mehmet,
                                                          Çetin Altan
                                                          gelsin de
                                                          Varşova'daki
                                                          Grand Hotel'e
                                                          bir baksın
                                                          dedi.
                                                          Gerçekten de
                                                          Grand Hotel
                                                          sözkonusu
                                                          hatunlarla
                                                          kaynıyordu.
                                                          <div>       
                                                            </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_extra"><br>
                                                          <div
                                                          class="gmail_quote">30
                                                          Kasım 2016
                                                          11:07
                                                          tarihinde
                                                          Mehmet Can <span
                                                          dir="ltr"><<a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:Mehmet.Can@listweb.bilkent.edu.tr"
                                                          target="_blank">Mehmet.Can@listweb.bilkent.ed<wbr>u.tr</a>></span>
                                                          yazdı:<br>
                                                          <blockquote
                                                          class="gmail_quote"
style="margin:0px 0px 0px 0.8ex;border-left:1px solid
                                                          rgb(204,204,204);padding-left:1ex">
                                                          <div dir="ltr">
                                                          <div
id="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728divtagdefaultwrapper"
style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:calibri,arial,helvetica,sans-serif"
                                                          dir="ltr">
                                                          <div
id="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728divtagdefaultwrapper"
                                                          dir="ltr"
style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:calibri,arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
                                                          <p><br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>Nazimin
                                                          biraz abarttigini
                                                           bir kontrast
                                                          vererek
                                                          gostermeye
                                                          calisayim.</p>
                                                          <p><br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>Necip Fazil
                                                          bir mecliste
                                                          genc
                                                          radikallerin
                                                          sairin onceki
                                                          hayatina
                                                          dair elestirilerine
                                                          muhatap
                                                          olmustu.</p>
                                                          <p><br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>cevabi
                                                          soyle oldu:</p>
                                                          <p><br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>Tamam</p>
                                                          <p>Sizler
                                                          yetisip acmis
kusursuz gullersiniz.</p>
                                                          <p>Ben ise
                                                          sizin
                                                          fidaninizin
                                                          dibindeki
                                                          bokum
                                                          (gubreyim),
                                                          bok.</p>
                                                          <span>
                                                          <p><br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p><span
                                                          style="color:rgb(31,73,125);font-size:10pt">Mehmet
                                                          Can</span><br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <div
id="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728Signature">
                                                          <div
id="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728divtagdefaultwrapper"
style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(255,255,255);font-family:calibri,arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)"> _____________________________<wbr>________</span><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:3pt 0in 0.0001pt"><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Prof.
                                                          Dr. Mehmet Can</span><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><b><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">The
                                                          University
                                                          Information
                                                          Technology
                                                          Center</span></i></b><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><b><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)"> </span></i></b><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><b><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">INTERNATIONAL
                                                          UNIVERSITY OF
                                                          SARAJEVO </span></i></b><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Hrasnicka
                                                          cesta 15,
                                                          71000
                                                          Sarajevo,
                                                          B&H</span></i><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Phone:
                                                          <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="tel:+387%2033%20957-150" value="+38733957150" target="_blank">+387
                                                          33 957 150</a>
                                                          ; Fax: <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="tel:+387%2033%20957-105" value="+38733957105" target="_blank">+387
                                                          33 957 105</a></span></i><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)"><a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:mcan@ius.edu.ba" target="_blank">mcan@ius.edu.ba</a>  
                                                          <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://ius.edu.ba/mehmet-can" target="_blank">ius.edu.ba/mehmet-can</a></span></i></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </span></div>
                                                          <hr
                                                          style="display:inline-block;width:98%">
                                                          <div
id="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728divRplyFwdMsg"
                                                          dir="ltr"><font
style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>From:</b>
                                                          Turkmath <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                          href="mailto:turkmath-bounces@listweb.bilkent.edu.tr"
target="_blank">turkmath-bounces@listweb.bilk<wbr>ent.edu.tr</a>> on
                                                          behalf of
                                                          Mehmet Can
                                                          <<a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:Mehmet.Can@listweb.bilkent.edu.tr" target="_blank">Mehmet.Can@listweb.bilkent.ed<wbr>u.tr</a>><br>
                                                          <b>Sent:</b>
                                                          Wednesday,
                                                          November 30,
                                                          2016 8:51:13
                                                          AM<br>
                                                          <b>To:</b>
                                                          Timur Karacay;
                                                          <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:turkmath@listweb.bilkent.edu.tr" target="_blank">turkmath@listweb.bilkent.edu.t<wbr>r</a><br>
                                                          <b>Subject:</b>
[Turkmath:1677] Re: Yazmak zorundasın</font>
                                                          <div> </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017h5">
                                                          <div>
                                                          <div
id="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728divtagdefaultwrapper"
                                                          dir="ltr"
style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:calibri,arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
                                                          <p>Sayin
                                                          Karacay</p>
                                                          <p><br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <p>Bence Nazim
                                                          biraz
                                                          abartmis.</p>
                                                          <p><br>
                                                          </p>
                                                          <div
id="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728Signature">
                                                          <div
id="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728divtagdefaultwrapper"
style="font-size:12pt;color:rgb(0,0,0);background-color:rgb(255,255,255);font-family:calibri,arial,helvetica,sans-serif">
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Regards,</span><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)"> </span><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Mehmet
                                                          Can</span><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)"> _____________________________<wbr>________</span><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin:3pt 0in 0.0001pt"><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Prof.
                                                          Dr. Mehmet Can</span><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><b><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">The
                                                          University
                                                          Information
                                                          Technology
                                                          Center</span></i></b><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><b><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)"> </span></i></b><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><b><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">INTERNATIONAL
                                                          UNIVERSITY OF
                                                          SARAJEVO </span></i></b><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Hrasnicka
                                                          cesta 15,
                                                          71000
                                                          Sarajevo,
                                                          B&H</span></i><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)">Phone:
                                                          <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="tel:+387%2033%20957-150" value="+38733957150" target="_blank">+387
                                                          33 957 150</a>
                                                          ; Fax: <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="tel:+387%2033%20957-105" value="+38733957105" target="_blank">+387
                                                          33 957 105</a></span></i><span
style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(33,33,33)"></span></p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-bottom:0.0001pt"><i><span
                                                          style="font-size:10pt;color:rgb(31,73,125)"><a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:mcan@ius.edu.ba" target="_blank">mcan@ius.edu.ba</a>  
                                                          <a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="http://ius.edu.ba/mehmet-can" target="_blank">ius.edu.ba/mehmet-can</a></span></i></p>
                                                          </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <br>
                                                          <br>
                                                          <div
                                                          style="color:rgb(0,0,0)">
                                                          <hr
                                                          style="display:inline-block;width:98%">
                                                          <div
id="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728divRplyFwdMsg"
                                                          dir="ltr"><font
style="font-size:11pt" face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000"><b>From:</b>
                                                          Turkmath <<a
moz-do-not-send="true"
                                                          href="mailto:turkmath-bounces@listweb.bilkent.edu.tr"
target="_blank">turkmath-bounces@listweb.bilk<wbr>ent.edu.tr</a>> on
                                                          behalf of
                                                          Timur Karacay
                                                          <<a
                                                          moz-do-not-send="true"
href="mailto:tkaracay@listweb.bilkent.edu.tr" target="_blank">tkaracay@listweb.bilkent.edu.<wbr>tr</a>><br>
                                                          <b>Sent:</b>
                                                          Tuesday,
                                                          November 29,
                                                          2016 8:00 PM<br>
                                                          <b>To:</b> <a
moz-do-not-send="true" href="mailto:turkmath@listweb.bilkent.edu.tr"
                                                          target="_blank">turkmath@listweb.bilkent.edu.t<wbr>r</a><br>
                                                          <b>Subject:</b>
[Turkmath:1676] Yazmak zorundasın</font>
                                                          <div> </div>
                                                          </div>
                                                          <div>
                                                          <p> </p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal">Sevgili
                                                          Yılmaz,</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"> </p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal">Layık
                                                          olmadığım
                                                          sözlerine
                                                          nasıl yanıt
                                                          vereceğimi
                                                          bilmiyorum. Şu
                                                          anda aklıma
                                                          gelenler:</p>
                                                          <p
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst"><span><span>1.<span>      
                                                          </span></span></span>Sende
                                                          yazma yeteneği
                                                          olmasaydı,
                                                          kimse yazmanı
                                                          sağlayamazdı.
                                                          Çok farklı bir
                                                          üslubun var. O
                                                          uslüp
                                                          yazılarına
                                                          çeşni katıyor.</p>
                                                          <p
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span><span>2.<span>      
                                                          </span></span></span>Sen
                                                          dünyayı en çok
                                                          gezen yerli
                                                          matematikçisin.
                                                          Bunun değerini
                                                          bil. “Çok
                                                          gezen mi, çok
                                                          yaşayan mı
                                                          bilir?” </p>
                                                          <p
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle"><span><span>3.<span>      
                                                          </span></span></span>Neden
                                                          yazman
                                                          gerekiyor
                                                          sorusuna, yeni
                                                          duyduğum bir
                                                          gerçek olay
                                                          (fıkra) ile
                                                          yanıt
                                                          vereceğim.</p>
                                                          <p
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">Nazım
                                                          Hikmet, bu
                                                          toprakların
                                                          yetiştirdiği
                                                          büyük
                                                          ozanlardan
                                                          biridir. Öyle
                                                          olduğu için
                                                          Bursa
                                                          hapishanesinde
                                                          yatmaktadır.
                                                          Bir gün adalat
                                                          bakanlığının
                                                          müfettişlerinden
                                                          birisi<span> 
                                                          </span>hapishaneyi
                                                          teftişe gider;
                                                          gitmişken ünü
                                                          çok yayılan
                                                          Nazım Hikmeti
                                                          görmek ister.
                                                          Hapishane
                                                          müdürünün
                                                          koltuğuna
                                                          yayılmış halde
                                                          , Nazım’ı <span> </span>çağırmalarını
                                                          emreder.
                                                          Nazım, zavallı
                                                          bir mahkûm,
                                                          mahkûm
                                                          elbiseleri
                                                          içinde içeri
                                                          girer ve
                                                          müfettişin
                                                          yanında el
                                                          pençe duran
                                                          hapishane
                                                          görevlilerinin
                                                          karşısında,
                                                          odanın orta
                                                          yerinde ayakta
                                                          bekler.
                                                          Müfettiş ona
                                                          “otur” demez.
                                                          Kendisinin ne
                                                          büyük, Nazımın
                                                          ne küçük
                                                          olduğunu ima
                                                          eden
                                                          konuşmalarını
                                                          sürdürür. Son
                                                          darbeyi
                                                          indiren
                                                          gladyatör
                                                          edasıyla</p>
                                                          <p
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544m_7534759254404052017m_-2129593473947222728MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"
style="text-indent:34.8pt">-“Aramızdaki farkı görüyor musun, haydi git
                                                          koğuşuna” der!</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"><span>               
                                                          </span>Nazım
                                                          çıkmak için
                                                          araladığı
                                                          kapıdan geri
                                                          döner:</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:35.4pt;text-indent:35.4pt">-Müfettiş Bey, Ömer
                                                          Hayyam’ı
                                                          biliyor
                                                          musun?” </p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="text-indent:35.4pt">der. Müfettiş Ömer Hayyam’ı hiç okumamıştır,
                                                          ama adını
                                                          duymuştur:</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="text-indent:35.4pt"><span>                </span> -Evet,
                                                          biliyorum!</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="text-indent:35.4pt">yanıtını verir. Nazım devam eder:</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="text-indent:35.4pt"><span>                </span> Peki, Ömer
                                                          Hayyam
                                                          zamanında
                                                          adalet
                                                          işlerine bakan
                                                          vezirin adını
                                                          biliyor musun?</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="text-indent:35.4pt">Müfettiş yanıtı</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="text-indent:35.4pt"><span>                </span> -Hayır ?</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="text-indent:35.4pt">olur. <span> </span>Nazım sakince devam
                                                          eder:</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="text-indent:35.4pt"><span>                </span> -Müfettiş Bey,
                                                          işte
                                                          aramızdaki
                                                          fark odur.</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="text-indent:35.4pt">der ve kapıdan çıkar.</p>
                                                          <p
                                                          class="MsoNormal"
style="margin-left:35.4pt"> </p>
                                                          <br>
                                                          <span
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544HOEnZb"><font
color="#888888"> -- <br>
                                                          This message
                                                          has been
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color="#888888"> </font></span></div>
                                                          <span
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544HOEnZb"><font
color="#888888"> </font></span></div>
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color="#888888"> </font></span></div>
                                                          <span
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color="#888888"> </font></span></div>
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                                                          <span
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544HOEnZb"><font
color="#888888"> </font></span></div>
                                                          <span
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253m_-8918958008670564825m_-4147831887372748544HOEnZb"><font
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                                                          <span
class="m_-1797242772356863082m_-5671041442366964880m_-1635583238585568778m_-7079452163722381877m_1662558062992827639m_-7714288351877754439gmail-m_1081916412719235253HOEnZb"><font
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                                                          -- <br>
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                                                          This message
                                                          has been
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href="http://www.mailscanner.info/" target="_blank"><b>MailScanner</b></a>,
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      This message has been scanned for viruses and
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